Editorial
Volume 17 Issue 3 - 2022
Dietary Sodium Intake and Morality
Paul Clayton*
Clinical Pharmacologist and Pharmaco-Nutritionist, United Kingdom
*Corresponding Author: Paul Clayton, Clinical Pharmacologist and Pharmaco-Nutritionist, United Kingdom.
Received: February 26, 2022; Published: February 28, 2022



Keywords: Salt; Sugar; Hypertension; Stroke; Big Business; Mortality; Morality

Cutting salt consumption reduces blood pressure, and lower blood pressure reduces the risk of strokes. The Salt Substitute and Stroke Study just confirmed this [1].

21,000 rural Chinese with a history of hypertension and/or stroke were divided into two groups. The intervention group was given a low-sodium/increased potassium salt substitute to cook with, the controls were left with table salt. After 5 years the intervention group had a 14% reduction in stroke, a 13% reduction in major cardiovascular events and a 12% reduction in death. The controls stroked, infarcted and died just as they did before the white coats arrived.

References

  1. Neal B., et al. “Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death”. New England Journal of Medicine 12 (2021): 1067-1077.
  2. http://www.worldactiononsalt.com/worldaction/europe/finland/
  3. Karppanen H and Mervaala E. “Adherence to and population impact of non-pharmacological and pharmacological antihypertensive therapy”. Journal of Human Hypertension 1 (1996): S57-S61.
  4. Karppanen H and Mervaala E. “Sodium intake and mortality”. The Lancet9114 (1998): 1509.
  5. Karppanen H and Mervaala E. “Sodium intake and hypertension”. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2 (2006): 59-75.
  6. Kearns CE., et al. “Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents”. JAMA Internal Medicine 11 (2016): 1680-1685.
  7. Juul F and Hemmingsson E. “Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Sweden between 1960 and 2010”. Public Health Nutrition 17 (2015): 3096-3107.
  8. Wang L., et al. “Trends in Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods Among US Youths Aged 2-19 Years, 1999-2018”. Journal of the American Medical Association 6 (2021): 519-530.
  9. De Vogli R., et al. “The influence of market deregulation on fast food consumption and body mass index: A cross-national time series analysis”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization2 (2014): 99-107.
  10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-glKGjp50Ug
  11. GBD Diet Collaborators. “Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017”. Lancet10184 (2019): 1958-1972.
  12. Calvo-Ochoa E., et al. “Short-term high-fat-and-fructose feeding produces insulin signaling alterations accompanied by neurite and synaptic reduction and astroglial activation in the rat hippocampus”. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 6 (2014): 1001-1008.
  13. Beilharz JE., et al. “Short exposure to a diet rich in both fat and sugar or sugar alone impairs place, but not object recognition memory in rats”. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 37 (2014): 134-141.
  14. Beilharz JE., et al. “Short-term exposure to a diet high in fat and sugar, or liquid sugar, selectively impairs hippocampal-dependent memory, with differential impacts on inflammation”. Behavioural Brain Research 306 (2016): 1-7.
  15. Fusco S., et al. “Maternal insulin resistance multigenerationally impairs synaptic plasticity and memory via gametic mechanisms”. Nature Communications 1 (2019): 4799.
  16. Spangler R., et al. “Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat brain”. Molecular Brain Research 2 (2004): 134-142.
  17. Pelchat ML., et al. “Images of desire: Food-craving activation during fMRI”. Neuroimage4 (2004): 1486-1493.
  18. Avena NM., et al. “Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake”. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 1 (2008): 20-39.
  19. Lenoir M., et al. “Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward”. PLoS ONE8 (2007): e698.
  20. Mason AE., et al. “Acute responses to opioidergic blockade as a biomarker of hedonic eating among obese women enrolled in a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention trial”. Appetite 91 (2015): 311-320.
  21. Mason AE., et al. “Putting the brakes on the “drive to eat”: Pilot effects of naltrexone and reward-based eating on food cravings among obese women”. Eating Behaviors 19 (2015): 53-56.
  22. Mason AE., et al. “Reduced reward-driven eating accounts for the impact of a mindfulness-based diet and exercise intervention on weight loss: Data from the SHINE randomized controlled trial”. Appetite 100 (2016): 86-93.
  23. Johnson PM and Kenny PJ. “Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats”. Nature Neuroscience 5 (2010): 635-641.
  24. Davis C., et al. “Food cravings, appetite, and snack-food consumption in response to a psychomotor stimulant drug: The moderating effect of ‘food-addiction’”. Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014): 403.
  25. Gordon EL., et al. “What Is the Evidence for "Food Addiction?" A Systematic Review”. Nutrients4 (2018): 477.
  26. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-overeaters-anonymous-5089112
  27. Mercer JG and Bird SP. “NeuroFAST - the integrated neurobiology of food intake, addiction and stress”. Obesity Facts 2 (2012): 293-297.
  28. Ng SW., et al. “Use of caloric and noncaloric sweeteners in US consumer packaged foods, 2005-2009”. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 11 (2012): 1828-1834.
  29. Andreyeva T., et al. “The impact of food prices on consumption: A systematic review of research on the price elasticity of demand for food”. American Journal of Public Health 2 (2010): 216-222.
  30. https://www.darpa.mil/program/neuro-function-activity-structure-and-technology
  31. https://www.darpa.mil/program/our-research/darpa-and-the-brain-initiative
  32. Lustig RH., et al. “Isocaloric fructose restriction and metabolic improvement in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome”. Obesity2 (2016): 453-460.
  33. Gugliucci A., et al. “Short-term isocaloric fructose restriction lowers apoC-III levels and yields less atherogenic lipoprotein profiles in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome”. Atherosclerosis 253 (2016): 171-177.
  34. Schwarz JM., et al. “Impact of dietary fructose restriction on liver fat, de novo lipogenesis, and insulin kinetics in children with obesity”. Gastroenterology3 (2017): 743-752.
  35. Basu S., et al. “The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: An econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data”. PLoS ONE2 (2013): e57873.
  36. Ludwig DS., et al. “The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 6 (2021): 1873-1885.
  37. https://www.newsweek.com/fast-food-lovers-unite-127987#:~:text=In%20fast%2Dfood%20parlance%2C%20Borucki,burgers%20and%20fries%20he%20loves
  38. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB947636708123070129
  39. Schnabel L., et al. “Association Between Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Mortality Among Middle-aged Adults in France”. JAMA Internal Medicine 4 (2019): 490-498.
  40. Lane MM., et al. “Ultraprocessed food and chronic noncommunicable diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studies”. Obesity Reviews 3 (2021): e13146.
  41. Fuhrman J. “The Hidden Dangers of Fast and Processed Food”. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 5 (2018): 375-381.
  42. https://www.marketingweek.com/coca-cola-tries-to-prove-it-can-be-part-of-a-balanced-diet/
  43. https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/05/tech/gaming-gadgets/blizzard-gaming-addiction-statement/index.html
  44. Duran AC., et al. “Conflicting Messages on Food and Beverage Packages: Front-of-Package Nutritional Labeling, Health and Nutrition Claims in Brazil”. Nutrients12 (2019): 2967.
Citation: Paul Clayton. “Dietary Sodium Intake and Morality”. EC Nutrition 17.3 (2022): 01-06.

PubMed Indexed Article

EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
LC-UV-MS and MS/MS Characterize Glutathione Reactivity with Different Isomers (2,2' and 2,4' vs. 4,4') of Methylene Diphenyl-Diisocyanate.

PMID: 31143884 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6536005


EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics.

PMID: 31565701 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6764777


EC Neurology
Differences in Rate of Cognitive Decline and Caregiver Burden between Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: a Retrospective Study.

PMID: 27747317 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5065347


EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Will Blockchain Technology Transform Healthcare and Biomedical Sciences?

PMID: 31460519 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6711478


EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Is it a Prime Time for AI-powered Virtual Drug Screening?

PMID: 30215059 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6133253


EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Analysis of Evidence for the Combination of Pro-dopamine Regulator (KB220PAM) and Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder Relapse.

PMID: 30417173 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6226033


EC Anaesthesia
Arrest Under Anesthesia - What was the Culprit? A Case Report.

PMID: 30264037 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6155992


EC Orthopaedics
Distraction Implantation. A New Technique in Total Joint Arthroplasty and Direct Skeletal Attachment.

PMID: 30198026 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6124505


EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 40-79: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012.

PMID: 30294723 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6169793


EC Dental Science
Important Dental Fiber-Reinforced Composite Molding Compound Breakthroughs

PMID: 29285526 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5743211


EC Microbiology
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among HIV Infected and HIV Uninfected Patients Treated at the 1o De Maio Health Centre in Maputo, Mozambique

PMID: 29911204 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5999047


EC Microbiology
Macrophages and the Viral Dissemination Super Highway

PMID: 26949751 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC4774560


EC Microbiology
The Microbiome, Antibiotics, and Health of the Pediatric Population.

PMID: 27390782 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC4933318


EC Microbiology
Reactive Oxygen Species in HIV Infection

PMID: 28580453 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5450819


EC Microbiology
A Review of the CD4 T Cell Contribution to Lung Infection, Inflammation and Repair with a Focus on Wheeze and Asthma in the Pediatric Population

PMID: 26280024 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC4533840


EC Neurology
Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis

PMID: 28066845 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5214344


EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Paradigm Shift is the Normal State of Pharmacology

PMID: 28936490 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5604476


EC Neurology
Examining those Meeting IOM Criteria Versus IOM Plus Fibromyalgia

PMID: 28713879 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5510658


EC Neurology
Unilateral Frontosphenoid Craniosynostosis: Case Report and a Review of the Literature

PMID: 28133641 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5267489


EC Ophthalmology
OCT-Angiography for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Neuronal and Vascular Structure in Mouse Retina: Implication for Characterization of Retinal Neurovascular Coupling

PMID: 29333536 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5766278


EC Neurology
Longer Duration of Downslope Treadmill Walking Induces Depression of H-Reflexes Measured during Standing and Walking.

PMID: 31032493 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6483108


EC Microbiology
Onchocerciasis in Mozambique: An Unknown Condition for Health Professionals.

PMID: 30957099 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6448571


EC Nutrition
Food Insecurity among Households with and without Podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia.

PMID: 30101228 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6086333


EC Ophthalmology
REVIEW. +2 to +3 D. Reading Glasses to Prevent Myopia.

PMID: 31080964 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6508883


EC Gynaecology
Biomechanical Mapping of the Female Pelvic Floor: Uterine Prolapse Versus Normal Conditions.

PMID: 31093608 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6513001


EC Dental Science
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Breakthrough in Practical Clinical Applications with Advanced Wear Resistance for Dental Materials.

PMID: 31552397 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6758937


EC Microbiology
Neurocysticercosis in Child Bearing Women: An Overlooked Condition in Mozambique and a Potentially Missed Diagnosis in Women Presenting with Eclampsia.

PMID: 31681909 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6824723


EC Microbiology
Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique.

PMID: 31681910 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6824726


EC Neurology
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Cross-Talk in Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases.

PMID: 31528859 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6746603


EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Can Chronic Consumption of Caffeine by Increasing D2/D3 Receptors Offer Benefit to Carriers of the DRD2 A1 Allele in Cocaine Abuse?

PMID: 31276119 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6604646


EC Anaesthesia
Real Time Locating Systems and sustainability of Perioperative Efficiency of Anesthesiologists.

PMID: 31406965 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6690616


EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Pilot STEM Curriculum Designed to Teach High School Students Concepts in Biochemical Engineering and Pharmacology.

PMID: 31517314 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6741290


EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Toxic Mechanisms Underlying Motor Activity Changes Induced by a Mixture of Lead, Arsenic and Manganese.

PMID: 31633124 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6800226


EC Neurology
Research Volunteers' Attitudes Toward Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.

PMID: 29662969 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC5898812


EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.

PMID: 30215058 [PubMed]

PMCID: PMC6133268


News and Events

June Issue Release

We always feel pleasure to share our updates with you all. Here, notifying you that we have successfully released the June issue of respective journals and the latest articles can be viewed on the current issue pages.

Submission Deadline for Upcoming Issue

ECronicon delightfully welcomes all the authors around the globe for effective collaboration with an article submission for the upcoming issue of respective journals. Submissions are accepted on/before July 14, 2022.

Certificate of Publication

ECronicon honors with a "Publication Certificate" to the corresponding author by including the names of co-authors as a token of appreciation for publishing the work with our respective journals.

Best Article of the Issue

Editors of respective journals will always be very much interested in electing one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of the selected article will be honored with a "Best Article of the Issue" certificate.

Certifying for Review

ECronicon certifies the Editors for their first review done towards the assigned article of the respective journals.

Latest Articles

The latest articles will be updated immediately on the articles in press page of the respective journals.