Abstract

The health and disease of human beings are affected by the gut microbiota. The association of the disease with the microbiota has been explored in the populations. However, this baseline of the gut microbiota is absent in the whole nation. The gut microbial formation depends on microbial metabolism, but association with the microbiota present in distinct diets of humans has not been discovered. In this manner, the fecal microbiota of children could compare, and the high fiber content is found in it. This would be the same as that of the early settlements of humans at the birth time of agriculture. There is an important enhancement in gut microbiota in these two groups through 16S rDNA sequencing and biochemical analyses. First, there is the identification of the four enterotypes. The three are enhanced for prevotella, Bacteroides, and Escherichia. But there is no dominant genus of the fourth one. Then, there is an imposing collaboration among the gut microbiota and many variables connected to the six kinds: diet, demography, geography, urbanization, etc. Then, there is discovered that the types of largest microbiota are demonstrated by geography. After that, there is a clarification of the different patterns in collaboration with food staple, ethnicity, and residential areas. Finally, there is the observation of the consumption of wheat by individuals as chief food, having more variety of microbiota. This is composed of the 1,3beta-glucosidase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine. This is responsible for biosynthesis in those individuals who are consuming the rice, depending on the prognostic function.

Keywords: Gut Microbiota; Ethnicity; GI Tract; Review Article; Diet Role

References

1. Ali Ikram., et al. “Ramadan Fasting Leads to Shifts in Human Gut Microbiota Structured by Dietary Composition”. Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (2021): 642999.
2. Ayeni Funmilola A., et al. “Infant and Adult Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Rural Bassa and Urban Settlers from Nigeria”. Cell Reports10 (2018): 3056-3067.
3. BrooksAndrew W., et al. “Gut Microbiota Diversity across Ethnicities in the United States”. PLoS Biology
4. De Filippo Carlotta., et al. “Diet, Environments, and Gut Microbiota. A Preliminary Investigation in Children Living in Rural and Urban Burkina Faso and Italy”. Frontiers in Microbiology 8 (2017): 1979.
5. Dehingia Madhusmita., et al. “Gut Bacterial Diversity of the Tribes of India and Comparison with the Worldwide Data”. Scientific Reports1 (2015): 1-12.
6. Deschasaux Mélanie., et al. “Depicting the Composition of Gut Microbiota in a Population with Varied Ethnic Origins but Shared Geography”. Nature Medicine10 (2018): 1526-1531.
7. Dubois Geneviève., et al. “The Inuit Gut Microbiome Is Dynamic over Time and Shaped by Traditional Foods”. Microbiome1 (2017): 1-12.
8. Duvallet Claire., et al. “Meta-Analysis of Gut Microbiome Studies Identifies Disease-Specific and Shared Responses”. Nature Communications1 (2017): 1-10.
9. Dwiyanto Jacky., et al. “Ethnicity Influences the Gut Microbiota of Individuals Sharing a Geographical Location: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Middle-Income Country”. Scientific Reports1 (2021): 1-10.
10. Ferrocino Ilario., et al. “Fecal Microbiota in Healthy Subjects Following Omnivore, Vegetarian and Vegan Diets: Culturable Populations and Rrna Dgge Profiling”. PloS One6 (2015): e0128669.
11. Fouhy Fiona., et al. “Composition of the Early Intestinal Microbiota: Knowledge, Knowledge Gaps and the Use of High-Throughput Sequencing to Address These Gaps”. Gut Microbes3 (2012): 203-220.
12. Guarino Michele Pier Luca., et al. “Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults”. Nutrients4 (2020): 1037.
13. He Yan., et al. “Regional Variation Limits Applications of Healthy Gut Microbiome Reference Ranges and Disease Models”. Nature Medicine10 (2018): 1532-1535.
14. Kim Gahyun., et al. “Differences between Vegetarians and Omnivores in Food Choice Motivation and Dietarian Identity”. Foods4 (2022): 539.
15. Liu Wenjun., et al. “Unique Features of Ethnic Mongolian Gut Microbiome Revealed by Metagenomic Analysis”. Scientific Reports1 (2016): 1-13.
16. Lu Jing., et al. “Chinese Gut Microbiota and Its Associations with Staple Food Type, Ethnicity, and Urbanization”. NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes1 (2021): 1-12.
17. Luca Francesca., et al. “Evolutionary Adaptations to Dietary Changes”. Annual Review of Nutrition 30 (2010): 291.
18. Manikam Logan., et al. “Complementary Feeding Practices for South Asian Young Children Living in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review”. Nutrients11 (2018): 1676.
19. Pilvi Taru K., et al. “High-Calcium Diet with Whey Protein Attenuates Body-Weight Gain in High-Fat-Fed C57bl/6j Mice”. British Journal of Nutrition5 (2007): 900-907.
20. Rothschild Daphna., et al. “Environment Dominates over Host Genetics in Shaping Human Gut Microbiota”. Nature7695 (2018): 210-215.
21. Sender Ron., et al. “Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body”. PLoS Biology8 (2016): e1002533.
22. Senghor Bruno., et al. “Gut Microbiota Diversity According to Dietary Habits and Geographical Provenance”. Human Microbiome Journal 7 (2018): 1-9.
23. Shanahan Fergus., et al. “Feeding the Microbiota: Transducer of Nutrient Signals for the Host”. Gut9 (2017): 1709-1717.
24. Sprong RC., et al. “Dietary Cheese Whey Protein Protects Rats against Mild Dextran Sulfate Sodium–Induced Colitis: Role of Mucin and Microbiota”. Journal of Dairy Science4 (2010): 1364-1371.
25. Stearns Jennifer C., et al. “Ethnic and Diet-Related Differences in the Healthy Infant Microbiome”. Genome Medicine1 (2017): 1-12.
26. Subramanian Sathish., et al. “Persistent Gut Microbiota Immaturity in Malnourished Bangladeshi Children”. Nature7505 (2014): 417-421.
27. Sun Miao., et al. “A Review of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis and the Potential Role of Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease”. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease3 (2020): 849-865.
28. Suzuki Taichi A and Michael Worobey. "Geographical Variation of Human Gut Microbial Composition”. Biology Letters2 (2014): 20131037.
29. Thursby Elizabeth and Nathalie Juge. "Introduction to the Human Gut Microbiota”. Biochemical Journal11 (2017): 1823-1836.
30. Turnbaugh Peter J., et al. “Diet-Induced Obesity Is Linked to Marked but Reversible Alterations in the Mouse Distal Gut Microbiome”. Cell Host and Microbe4 (2008): 213-223.
31. Unger Allison L., et al. “Colonic Bacterial Composition Is Sex-Specific in Aged Cd-1 Mice Fed Diets Varying in Fat Quality”. PloS One12 (2019): e0226635.
32. Van Olst Lynn., et al. “Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Immunological Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease”. Frontiers in Immunology (2021): 2071.
33. Wilson Annette S., et al. “Diet and the Human Gut Microbiome: An International Review”. Digestive Diseases and Sciences3 (2020): 723-740.
34. Wong Sunny H and Jun Yu. "Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications”. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology11 (2019): 690-704.
35. Zhang Nazhong., et al. “Effects of Food Changes on Intestinal Bacterial Diversity of Wintering Hooded Cranes (Grus Monacha)”. Animals2 (2021): 433.