Abstract

Background: Biliary system is a network of ducts within the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas that flow into the small intestine. When bile is not completely drained from the gallbladder, it can precipitate as sludge, and can turn into gallstones. Interventional radiology defined as a medical specialization that including performing a group of imaging procedures to obtain images of the inside of the body. Advances in methods and technology have enhanced patient treatment by offering minimally invasive procedures including percutaneous drainage, biopsy, and stone removal. Interventional radiology has an established and expanding role in the diagnosis and management of patients with both benign and malignant biliary disease.

Aim: In this review, we will look into role of therapeutic interventional radiology in Gallbladder and biliary tree disease management.

Conclusion: Interventional radiology tends to play a vitally important role in treating patients with gallbladder and bile duct disease. Future studies should be conducted to assist identifying role of therapeutic radiology in patients with gallbladder and biliary tree disease.

Keywords: Biliary Tree Diseases; Interventional Radiology; Gallbladder Disease Management; Cholecystitis

References

1. Saurabh S and Green B. “Is hyperkinetic gallbladder an indication for cholecystectomy?” Surgical Endoscopy 5 (2019): 1613-1617.
2. Dray X., et al. “Incidence, risk factors, and complications of cholelithiasis in patients with home parenteral nutrition”. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 204 (2007): 13-21.
3. Elwood DR. “Cholecystitis”. Surgical Clinics of North America 88 (2008): 1241-1252.
4. Wang L., et al. “Differential proteomics analysis of bile between gangrenous cholecystitis and chronic cholecystitis”. Medical Hypotheses 121 (2018): 131-136.
5. Andercou O., et al. “Risk factors for acute cholecystitis and for intraoperative complications”. Annali Italiani di Chirurgia 88 (2017): 318-325.
6. Jones MW., et al. “Gallbladder Imaging. [Updated 2020 Apr 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]”. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing (2020).
7. Watkinson A F and Adam A. “Interventional Radiology: A Practical Guide”. United Kingdom: Radcliffe Publishing (1996).
8. Ahmed O., et al. “Biliary Interventions: Tools and Techniques of the Trade, Access, Cholangiography, Biopsy, Cholangioscopy, Cholangioplasty, Stenting, Stone Extraction, and Brachytherapy”. Seminars in Interventional Radiology 4 (2016): 283‐290.
9. Thompson CM., et al. “Management of iatrogenic bile duct injuries: role of the interventional radiologist”. Radiographics1 (2013): 117-134.
10. Shawyer Andrew., et al. “Interventional biliary radiology: current state-of-the-art and future directions”. Imaging in Medicine6 (2013): 525-538.
11. Al Karawi MA., et al. “Combined percutaneous and endoscopic approach for internal biliary drainage: The rendezvous maneuver-a report of four cases”. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology 5 (1999): 140-145.
12. Venbrux Anthony C and Craig D McCormick. "Percutaneous endoscopy for biliary radiologic interventions”. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology3 (2001): 186-192.
13. Adler DG., et al. “ASGE guideline: the role of ERCP in diseases of the biliary tract and the pancreas”. Standards of Practice Committee of American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 62 (2005): 1-8.
14. Speer AG., et al. “Randomised trial of endoscopic versus percutaneous stent insertion in malignant obstructive jaundice”. Lance8550 (1987): 57-62.
15. Moss AC., et al. “Palliative biliary stents for obstructing pancreatic carcinoma”. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (2006): CD004200.
16. Moss AC., et al. “Malignant distal biliary obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic and surgical bypass results”. Cancer Treatment Reviews 33 (2007): 213-221.
17. Schlup MMT., et al. “ERCP: a review of technical competency and workload in a small unit”. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 46 (1997): 48-52.
18. Artifon E., et al. “Guidewire cannulation reduces risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis and facilitates bile duct cannulation”. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 102 (2007): 2147-2153.
19. Baron TH., et al. “Quality indicators for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography”. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 4 (2006): S29-S34.
20. Kedia P., et al. “Endoscopic guided biliary drainage: how can we achieve efficient biliary drainage?” Clinical Endoscopy 5 (2013): 543‐551.
21. Poincloux L., et al. “Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage after failed ERCP: cumulative experience of 101 procedures at a single center”. Endoscopy 47 (2015): 794-801.
22. Indar AA., et al. “Percutaneous biliary metal wall stenting in malignant obstructive jaundice”. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15 (2003): 915-919.
23. De Palma GD., et al. “Unilateral versus bilateral endoscopic hepatic duct drainage in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction: results of a prospective, randomized, and controlled study”. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 53 (2001): 547-553.
24. Y Yamashita., et al. “TG13 surgical management of acute cholecystitis”. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences 20 (2013): 89-96.
25. TH Baron and IS Grimm LL. “Interventional approaches to gallbladder disease”. The New England Journal of Medicine 373 (2015): 357-365.
26. R Duszak Jr SW. “National trends in percutaneous cholecystostomy between 1994 and 2009: perspectives from Medicare provider claims (2019).
27. Ginat D and Saad WE. “Cholecystostomy and transcholecystic biliary access”. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology 1(2008): 2-13.
28. J Kirkegard., et al. “Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective definitive treatment option for acute acalculous cholecystitis”. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 104 (2015): 238-243.
29. S Nasim., et al. “Emerging indications for percutaneous cholecystostomy for the management of acute cholecystitis--a retrospective review”. International Journal of Surgery 9 (2011): 456-459.
30. R Peters., et al. “Percutaneous cholecystostomy: single centre experience in 111 patients with an acute cholecystitis”. JBR-BTR 97 (2014): 197-201.
31. Hamy A., et al. “Percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients”. Surgery 121 (1997): 398-401.
32. Welschbillig-Meunier K., et al. “Percutaneous cholecystostomy for high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis”. Surgical Endoscopy 19 (2005): 1256-1259.
33. Kim K H., et al. “Percutaneous gallbladder drainage for delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis”. The American Journal of Surgery 179 (2000): 111-113.
34. Yokoe M., et al. “TG13 diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos)”. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences 1 (2013): 35-46.
35. Miura F., et al. “Flowcharts for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines”. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences 1 (2007): 27-34.
36. Young M and Mehta D. “Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiogram. [Updated 2020 Apr 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing (2020).
37. Azeemuddin M., et al. “Percutaneous Management of Biliary Enteric Anastomotic Strictures: An Institutional Review”. Cureus 2 (2018): e2228.
38. Pomerantz BJ. “Biliary tract interventions”. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2 (2009): 162-170.
39. Van Delden OM and Laméris JS. “Percutaneous drainage and stenting for palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction”. European Radiology 18 (2008): 448-456.
40. Sanjay P., et al. “Clinical outcomes of a percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis: a multicentre analysis”. HPB 15 (2013): 511-516.
41. Horn T., et al. “Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective treatment option for acute calculous cholecystitis: a 10-year experience”. HPB (Oxford) 4 (2015): 326‐331.
42. Tomizawa Y., et al. “Combined Interventional Radiology Followed by Endoscopic Therapy as a Single Procedure for Patients with Failed Initial Endoscopic Biliary Access”. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 59 (2014): 451-458.
43. Dowsett JF., et al. “Endoscopic biliary therapy using the combined percutaneous and endoscopic technique”. Gastroenterology 96 (1989): 1180-1186.
44. Liu YD., et al. “Stent implantation through rendezvous technique of PTBD and ERCP: the treatment of obstructive jaundice”. Journal of Digestive Diseases 8 (2007): 198-202.