Abstract
In patients infected with COVID-19 most frequently reported comorbidities is diabetes. Severe complications including multi-organ failure and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome are at high risk for patients with uncontrolled diabetes. The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic forces both the patients of diabetes and the health care providers to face several challenges for diagnosis and management of acute complications of diabetes. This short review is focused on the link between COVID-19 and diabetes and on some open questions emerging and also discussed effects of commonly used drugs in patients with diabetes on the course of COVID-19 infection.
Keywords: Diabetes; SARS-Cov-2; COVID-19; ACE2; Diabetes Therapy
References
- World Health Organization. “Global report on diabetes” (2018).
- XuXW., et al. “Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series”. British Medical Journal 368 (2020): m606.
- Rudragouda Channappanavar., et al. “Sex-Based Differences in Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection”. The Journal of Immunology 198.10 (2017): 4046-4053.
- Zou X., et al. “Single- cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection”. Frontiers in Medicine (2020).
- Zou X., et al. “Single- cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection”. Frontiers in Medicine (2020).
- Onder G., et al. “Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy”. The Journal of the American Medical Association (2020).
- Guan WJ., et al. “Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis”. European Respiratory Journal 55.5 (2020): 2000547.
- Huang C., et al. “Clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China”. Lancet 395 (2020): 497-506.
- Huang C., et al. “Clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China”. Lancet 395 (2020): 497-506.
- Chen N., et al. “Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study”. Lancet 395 (2020): 507-513.
- Kui L., et al. “Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province”. Chinese Medical Journal (2020).
- International Diabetes Federation. “IDF Diabetes Atlas 2019 ” (2020).
- Pinchevsky Y., et al. “Demographic and clinical factors associated with development of type 2 diabetes: a review of the literature”. International Journal of General Medicine 13 (2020): 121-129.
- Chen Y., et al. “Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020).
- Wu Z and McGoogan JM. “Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention”. The Journal of the American Medical Association (2020).
- Pearson-Stuttard J., et al. “Diabetes and infection: assessing the association with glycaemic control in population-based studies”. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology 4.2 (2016): 148-158.
- Fadini GP., et al. “Prev- alence and impact of diabetes among people infected with SARS-CoV-2”. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 43.6 (2020): 867-869.
- Yan Y., et al. “Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes”. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care (2020).
- Moutschen MP., et al. “Impaired immune responses in diabetes mellitus: analysis of the factors and mechanisms involved. Relevance to the increased suscepti- bility of diabetic patients to specific infections”. Diabetes and Metabolism 18.3 (1992): 187-120.
- Geerlings SE and Hoepelman AI. “Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)”. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 26.3-4 (1999): 259-265.
- Spiezia L., et al. “COVID-19-Related severe hypercoagulability in patients admitted to intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure”. Thrombosis and Haemostasis (2020).
- Carey IM., et al. “Glycemic control and risk of infections among people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large primary care cohort study”. Diabetes Care 41 (2018): 513-521.
- Ferlita S., et al. “Type 2 diabetes mellitus and altered immune system leading to susceptibility to pathogens, especially mycobacterium tuberculosis”. Journal of Clinical Medicine 8 (2019): 2219.
- Gupta R., et al. “Diabetes and COVID-19: evidence, current status and unanswered research questions”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (2020): 864-870.
- Ji HL., et al. “Elevated Plasmin(ogen) as a common risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility”. Physiological Reviews 100 (2020): 1065-1075.
- Fernandez C., et al. “Plasma levels of the proprotein convertase furin and incidence of diabetes and mortality”. Journal of Internal Medicine 284 (2018): 377-387.
- Hoffmann M., et al. “The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells (2020).
- Li XC., et al. “The vasoprotective axes of the renin-angiotensin system: physiological relevance and therapeutic implications in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases”. Pharmaceutical Research 125 (2017): 21-38.
- Mizamtsidi M., et al. “Diabetic cardiomyopathy: a clinical entity or a cluster of molecular heart changes?” European Journal of Clinical Investigation 46.11 (2016): 947-953.
- Huang C., et al. “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China”. Lancet 395.10223 (2020): 497-506.
- Guo W., et al. “Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19”. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews (2020).
- Cure E and Cumhur Cure M. “Comment on “organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19”. Journal of Medical Virology (2020).
- Yang P., et al. “Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mediates influenza H7N9 virus-induced acute lung injury”. Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 7027.
- Khan A., et al. “A pilot clinical trial of recombinant human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome”. Critical Care 21 (2017): 234.
- Fedson DS., et al. “Treating the host response to Ebola virus disease with generic statins and angiotensin receptor blockers”. mBio 6 (2015): e00716.
- Gupta R and Misra A. “Contentious issues and evolving concepts in the clinical presentation and management of patients with COVID-19 infection with reference to use of therapeutic and other drugs used in Co-morbid diseases (Hypertension, diabetes etc)”. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome 14 (2020): 251-254.
- Tikoo K., et al. “Tissue specific up regulation of ACE2 in rabbit model of atherosclerosis by atorvastatin: role of epi- genetic histone modifications”. Biochemical Pharmacology 93.3 (2015): 343-351.
- YD Peng., et al. “Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-nCoV”. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 48 (2020): E004.
- Mendy A., et al. “Reduced mortality from lower respiratory tract disease in adult diabetic patients treated with metformin”. Respirology 24 (2019): 646-651.
- Zhang W., et al. “Pioglitazone upregulates angiotensin converting enzyme 2 expression in insulin-sensitive tissues in rats with high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis”. The Scientific World Journal (2014): 603409.
- Romaní-Pérez M., et al. “Activation of the GLP-1 receptor by liraglutide increases ACE2 expression, reversing right ventricle hypertrophy, and improving the production of SP-A and SP-B in the lungs of type 1 diabetes rats”. Endocrinology 156 (2015): 3559-3569.
- Arabi YM., et al. “Middle east respiratory syndrome”. The New England Journal of Medicine 376 (2017): 584-594.
- Raj VS., et al. “Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC”. Nature 495.7440 (2013): 251-254.
- Yang W., et al. “DPP-4 inhibitors and risk of infections: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 32 (2016): 391-404.
- Qi F., et al. “Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 526.1 (2020): 135-140.
- Chen Y., et al. “Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in association with glucose-lowering medication”. Diabetes Care (2020).
- Filippatos TD., et al. “SGLT2 inhibitors cardioprotection: a matter debate and multiple hypotheses”. Postgraduate Medical Journal 131 (2019): 82-88.
- Couselo-Seijas M., et al. “High released lactate by epicardial fat from coronary artery disease patients is reduced by dapagliflozin treatment”. Atherosclerosis 292 (2020): 60-69.
- Salem ESB., et al. “Insulin treatment attenuates renal ADAM17 and ACE2 shedding in diabetic Akita mice”. The American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology 306 (2014): F629-F639.
- JK Yang., et al. “Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes”. Acta Diabetologica 47 (2010): 193-199.
- DJ Drucker. “Coronavirus infections and type 2 diabetes-shared pathways with therapeutic implications”. Endocrine Reviews (2020).
- White LV., et al. “Patterns and predictors of co-morbidities in Tuberculosis: A cross-sectional study in the Philippines”. Scientific Reports 10 (2020): 4100.
Journal Menu
PubMed Indexed Article
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
LC-UV-MS and MS/MS Characterize Glutathione Reactivity with Different Isomers (2,2' and 2,4' vs. 4,4') of Methylene Diphenyl-Diisocyanate.
PMID: 31143884 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6536005
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics.
PMID: 31565701 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6764777
EC Neurology
Differences in Rate of Cognitive Decline and Caregiver Burden between Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: a Retrospective Study.
PMID: 27747317 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5065347
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Will Blockchain Technology Transform Healthcare and Biomedical Sciences?
PMID: 31460519 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6711478
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Is it a Prime Time for AI-powered Virtual Drug Screening?
PMID: 30215059 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133253
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Analysis of Evidence for the Combination of Pro-dopamine Regulator (KB220PAM) and Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder Relapse.
PMID: 30417173 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6226033
EC Anaesthesia
Arrest Under Anesthesia - What was the Culprit? A Case Report.
PMID: 30264037 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6155992
EC Orthopaedics
Distraction Implantation. A New Technique in Total Joint Arthroplasty and Direct Skeletal Attachment.
PMID: 30198026 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6124505
EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 40-79: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012.
PMID: 30294723 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6169793
EC Dental Science
Important Dental Fiber-Reinforced Composite Molding Compound Breakthroughs
PMID: 29285526 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5743211
EC Microbiology
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among HIV Infected and HIV Uninfected Patients Treated at the 1o De Maio Health Centre in Maputo, Mozambique
PMID: 29911204 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5999047
EC Microbiology
Macrophages and the Viral Dissemination Super Highway
PMID: 26949751 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4774560
EC Microbiology
The Microbiome, Antibiotics, and Health of the Pediatric Population.
PMID: 27390782 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4933318
EC Microbiology
Reactive Oxygen Species in HIV Infection
PMID: 28580453 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5450819
EC Microbiology
A Review of the CD4 T Cell Contribution to Lung Infection, Inflammation and Repair with a Focus on Wheeze and Asthma in the Pediatric Population
PMID: 26280024 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4533840
EC Neurology
Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis
PMID: 28066845 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5214344
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Paradigm Shift is the Normal State of Pharmacology
PMID: 28936490 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5604476
EC Neurology
Examining those Meeting IOM Criteria Versus IOM Plus Fibromyalgia
PMID: 28713879 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5510658
EC Neurology
Unilateral Frontosphenoid Craniosynostosis: Case Report and a Review of the Literature
PMID: 28133641 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5267489
EC Ophthalmology
OCT-Angiography for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Neuronal and Vascular Structure in Mouse Retina: Implication for Characterization of Retinal Neurovascular Coupling
PMID: 29333536 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5766278
EC Neurology
Longer Duration of Downslope Treadmill Walking Induces Depression of H-Reflexes Measured during Standing and Walking.
PMID: 31032493 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6483108
EC Microbiology
Onchocerciasis in Mozambique: An Unknown Condition for Health Professionals.
PMID: 30957099 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6448571
EC Nutrition
Food Insecurity among Households with and without Podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia.
PMID: 30101228 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6086333
EC Ophthalmology
REVIEW. +2 to +3 D. Reading Glasses to Prevent Myopia.
PMID: 31080964 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6508883
EC Gynaecology
Biomechanical Mapping of the Female Pelvic Floor: Uterine Prolapse Versus Normal Conditions.
PMID: 31093608 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6513001
EC Dental Science
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Breakthrough in Practical Clinical Applications with Advanced Wear Resistance for Dental Materials.
PMID: 31552397 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6758937
EC Microbiology
Neurocysticercosis in Child Bearing Women: An Overlooked Condition in Mozambique and a Potentially Missed Diagnosis in Women Presenting with Eclampsia.
PMID: 31681909 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824723
EC Microbiology
Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique.
PMID: 31681910 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824726
EC Neurology
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Cross-Talk in Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases.
PMID: 31528859 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6746603
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Can Chronic Consumption of Caffeine by Increasing D2/D3 Receptors Offer Benefit to Carriers of the DRD2 A1 Allele in Cocaine Abuse?
PMID: 31276119 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6604646
EC Anaesthesia
Real Time Locating Systems and sustainability of Perioperative Efficiency of Anesthesiologists.
PMID: 31406965 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6690616
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Pilot STEM Curriculum Designed to Teach High School Students Concepts in Biochemical Engineering and Pharmacology.
PMID: 31517314 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6741290
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Toxic Mechanisms Underlying Motor Activity Changes Induced by a Mixture of Lead, Arsenic and Manganese.
PMID: 31633124 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6800226
EC Neurology
Research Volunteers' Attitudes Toward Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.
PMID: 29662969 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5898812
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
PMID: 30215058 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133268
News and Events
March Issue Release
We always feel pleasure to share our updates with you all. Here, notifying you that we have successfully released the March issue of respective journals and the latest articles can be viewed on the current issue pages.
Submission Deadline for Upcoming Issue
ECronicon delightfully welcomes all the authors around the globe for effective collaboration with an article submission for the upcoming issue of respective journals. Submissions are accepted on/before April 07, 2023.
Certificate of Publication
ECronicon honors with a "Publication Certificate" to the corresponding author by including the names of co-authors as a token of appreciation for publishing the work with our respective journals.
Best Article of the Issue
Editors of respective journals will always be very much interested in electing one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of the selected article will be honored with a "Best Article of the Issue" certificate.
Certifying for Review
ECronicon certifies the Editors for their first review done towards the assigned article of the respective journals.
Latest Articles
The latest articles will be updated immediately on the articles in press page of the respective journals.