Abstract
Background: About 19.5% of the UAE's population is now living with diabetes. More than 90% of diabetic subjects have type 2 diabetes. Strict glycemic control is imperative to prevent the acute and chronic complications of diabetes.
Aim of Study: To assess the pattern of the glycemic control among patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among 256 patients with type 2 diabetes in Ajman, using an interviewer questionnaire to achieve the objectives of this research. The research was approved by the “Ethics and Research Committees” of GMU and MOH, UAE. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify the predictors of poor glycemic control.
Results: The frequency of poor glycemic control was very high with 62.1% of the participants having HbA1c value of ≥ 7%. The age increased glycemic control improved. Employed participants had almost three times more odds of poor glycemic control than the unemployed participants. There was no significant difference in Age, nationality, marital status, level of education, or living status of the participants. Overweight and obesity had a poor glycemic. Where those with low physical activity had poor glycemic. Those who did not receive diet counseling had almost 3 times more chance of poor glycemic.
Conclusion: The frequency of poor glycemic control was very high with 62.1% of the participants having HbA1c value of ≥ 7.
Keyword: Glycemic Control; Pattern; Diabetes Mellitus; Ajman; UAE
References
- World Health Organization. Diabetes (2015).
- Ganguly SS., et al. “Epidemiological transition of some diseases in Oman: a situational analysis”. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal1 (2009): 209-218.
- Al-Moosa S., et al. “Diabetes and urbanization in the omani population: an analysis of national survey data”. Population Health Metrics 4 (2006): 5-12.
- Sulaiman N., et al. “Diabetes knowledge and attitudes towards prevention and health promotion: qualitative study in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates”. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health1 (2009): 78-78.
- Sadiya A., et al. “Vitamin D supplementation in obese type 2 diabetes subjects in Ajman, UAE: a randomized controlled double-blinded clinical trial”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (2014): 701-711.
- Armstrong N. “Pediatric exercise physiology”. Boston, MA: Elsevier Health Science. Churchill Livingstone (2007).
- Haas L., et al. “National standards for diabetes self-management education and support”. Diabetes Care1 (2010): S89-S96.
- Norris SL., et al. “Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials”. Diabetes Care 24 (2001): 3561-3587.
- Marrero D., et al. “Twenty-first century behavioral medicine: a context for empowering clinicians and patients with diabetes: a consensus report”. Diabetes Care 36 (2013): 463-470.
- Shrivastava SR., et al. “Role of self-care in management of diabetes mellitus”. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders4 (2013): 1-5.
- Grintsova O., et al. “Inequalities in health care among patients with type 2 diabetes by individual socio-economic status (SES) and regional deprivation: a systematic literature review”. International Journal for Equity in Health43 (2014): 1-14.
- Mukherjee S., et al. “Compliance to anti-diabetic drugs: observations from the diabetic clinic of a medical college in kolkata, India”. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research4 (2013): 661-665.
- Ministry of Health and Kingdom of Bahrain. Guidelines for Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care Setting and Outpatient Clinic in Kingdom of Bahrain (2007).
- Al-Maskari F., et al. “Assessment of the direct medical costs of diabetes mellitus and its complications in the United Arab Emirates”. BMC Public Health 10 (2010): 1-10.
- Koponen A., et al. “A study on Job strain and supervisor support in primary care health centres and glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study”. British Medical Journal 3 (2013): 1-9.
- Habib S. “Gender differences in lipid and glycemic control in Saudi patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Rawal Medical Journal1 (2013): 22-25.
- Yin J., et al. “Gender, diabetes education and psychosocial factors are associated with persistent poor glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) Program”. Journal Diabetes 10 (2015): 1-11.
- Knowler W., et al. “Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin”. The New England Journal of Medicine 346 (2002): 393.
- Li Q and Blume SW. “The economic burden of obesity by glycemic stage in the united states”. Pharmacoeconomics14 (2015): 1-5.
- Loney T., et al. “An analysis of the health status of the United Arab Emirates: the 'Big 4' public health issue”. Glob Health Action 6 (2013): 1-8.
- Brown AF., et al. “Socioeconomic position and health among persons with diabetes mellitus: a conceptual framework and review of the literature”. Epidemiologic Reviews 26 (2004): 63-77.
- Gaede P., et al. “Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes”. The New England Journal of Medicine 358 (2008): 80.
- Al-Hussein FA. “Diabetes control in a primary care setting: a retrospective study of 651 patients”. Annals of Saudi Medicine 28 (2008): 267-271.
- Mansour A Almutairi., et al. “Predictors of Poor Glycemic Control among Type two Diabetic Patients”. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences2 (2013): 17-21.
- Al Khaja KA., et al. “Comparison of the quality of diabetes care in primary care diabetic clinics and general practice clinics”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2 (2005): 174-182.
- El-Kebbi IM., et al. “Association of younger age with poor glycemic control and obesity in urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes”. Arch Internal Medicine 1 (2003): 69-75.
- Juarez DT., et al. “Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic Control or Wide Glycemic Variability Among Diabetes Patients in Hawaii 2006-2009”. Preventing Chronic Disease 9 (2013): 1-10.
- Matthias Paul Han Sim Toha., et al. “Association of Younger Age with Poor Glycemic and Cholesterol Control in Asians With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Singapore”. Endocrinology, Diabetes 1 (2011): 27-37.
- Benoit SR., et al. “Predictors of glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study”. BMC Public Health 5 (2005): 36-44.
- Lane JT., et al. “Glycemic control over 3 years in a young adult clinic for patients with type 1 diabetes”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 3 (2007): 385-391.
- Markowitz J and Laffel L. “Transitions in care: support group for young adults with type 1 diabetes”. Diabetic Medicine 4 (2012): 522-525.
- Han TS., et al. “Prospective study of c-reactive protein in relation to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Mexico City diabetes study”. Diabetes Care 25 (2002): 2016-2021.
- Adham M., et al. “Glycaemic control and its associated factors in type 2 diabetic patients in Amman, Jordan”. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6 (2010): 732-739.
- Alfadda A and Abdulrahman KA. “Assessment of care for type 2 diabetic patients at the primary care clinics of a referral hospital”. Journal of Family and Community Medicine1 (2006): 13-18.
- Whiting D. “Diabetes: Equity and Social Determinants. “Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes”. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, World Health Organization (2010): 77-94.
- Janghorbani M and Amini M. “Patterns and Predictors of Long-Term Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes”. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Endocrinology 10 (2012): 1-9.
- Tandon N., et al. “Pharmacologic prevention of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: implications of the results of recent clinical trials in type 2 diabetes”. The American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 12 (2012): 7-22 .
- Chehade JM., et al. “Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Management”. Therapy in Practice 4 (2013): 327-339.
- Mikus CR., et al. “Glycaemic control is improved by 7 days of aerobic exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes”. Diabetologia 55 (2012): 1417-1423.
- Sarah Y Nowlin., et al. “Diet, Inflammation, and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: An Integrative Review of the Literature”. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism (2012): 1-21.
- Díez-Espino J., et al. “Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus and HbA1clevel”. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 1 (2011): 74-78.
- Fowler MJ. “Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes”. Clinical Diabetes3 (2011): 116-122.
- Fong DS., et al. “Diabetic retinopathy”. Diabetes Care 27 (2004): 2540-2553.
Journal Menu
PubMed Indexed Article
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
LC-UV-MS and MS/MS Characterize Glutathione Reactivity with Different Isomers (2,2' and 2,4' vs. 4,4') of Methylene Diphenyl-Diisocyanate.
PMID: 31143884 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6536005
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics.
PMID: 31565701 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6764777
EC Neurology
Differences in Rate of Cognitive Decline and Caregiver Burden between Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: a Retrospective Study.
PMID: 27747317 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5065347
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Will Blockchain Technology Transform Healthcare and Biomedical Sciences?
PMID: 31460519 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6711478
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Is it a Prime Time for AI-powered Virtual Drug Screening?
PMID: 30215059 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133253
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Analysis of Evidence for the Combination of Pro-dopamine Regulator (KB220PAM) and Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder Relapse.
PMID: 30417173 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6226033
EC Anaesthesia
Arrest Under Anesthesia - What was the Culprit? A Case Report.
PMID: 30264037 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6155992
EC Orthopaedics
Distraction Implantation. A New Technique in Total Joint Arthroplasty and Direct Skeletal Attachment.
PMID: 30198026 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6124505
EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 40-79: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012.
PMID: 30294723 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6169793
EC Dental Science
Important Dental Fiber-Reinforced Composite Molding Compound Breakthroughs
PMID: 29285526 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5743211
EC Microbiology
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among HIV Infected and HIV Uninfected Patients Treated at the 1o De Maio Health Centre in Maputo, Mozambique
PMID: 29911204 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5999047
EC Microbiology
Macrophages and the Viral Dissemination Super Highway
PMID: 26949751 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4774560
EC Microbiology
The Microbiome, Antibiotics, and Health of the Pediatric Population.
PMID: 27390782 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4933318
EC Microbiology
Reactive Oxygen Species in HIV Infection
PMID: 28580453 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5450819
EC Microbiology
A Review of the CD4 T Cell Contribution to Lung Infection, Inflammation and Repair with a Focus on Wheeze and Asthma in the Pediatric Population
PMID: 26280024 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4533840
EC Neurology
Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis
PMID: 28066845 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5214344
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Paradigm Shift is the Normal State of Pharmacology
PMID: 28936490 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5604476
EC Neurology
Examining those Meeting IOM Criteria Versus IOM Plus Fibromyalgia
PMID: 28713879 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5510658
EC Neurology
Unilateral Frontosphenoid Craniosynostosis: Case Report and a Review of the Literature
PMID: 28133641 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5267489
EC Ophthalmology
OCT-Angiography for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Neuronal and Vascular Structure in Mouse Retina: Implication for Characterization of Retinal Neurovascular Coupling
PMID: 29333536 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5766278
EC Neurology
Longer Duration of Downslope Treadmill Walking Induces Depression of H-Reflexes Measured during Standing and Walking.
PMID: 31032493 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6483108
EC Microbiology
Onchocerciasis in Mozambique: An Unknown Condition for Health Professionals.
PMID: 30957099 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6448571
EC Nutrition
Food Insecurity among Households with and without Podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia.
PMID: 30101228 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6086333
EC Ophthalmology
REVIEW. +2 to +3 D. Reading Glasses to Prevent Myopia.
PMID: 31080964 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6508883
EC Gynaecology
Biomechanical Mapping of the Female Pelvic Floor: Uterine Prolapse Versus Normal Conditions.
PMID: 31093608 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6513001
EC Dental Science
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Breakthrough in Practical Clinical Applications with Advanced Wear Resistance for Dental Materials.
PMID: 31552397 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6758937
EC Microbiology
Neurocysticercosis in Child Bearing Women: An Overlooked Condition in Mozambique and a Potentially Missed Diagnosis in Women Presenting with Eclampsia.
PMID: 31681909 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824723
EC Microbiology
Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique.
PMID: 31681910 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824726
EC Neurology
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Cross-Talk in Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases.
PMID: 31528859 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6746603
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Can Chronic Consumption of Caffeine by Increasing D2/D3 Receptors Offer Benefit to Carriers of the DRD2 A1 Allele in Cocaine Abuse?
PMID: 31276119 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6604646
EC Anaesthesia
Real Time Locating Systems and sustainability of Perioperative Efficiency of Anesthesiologists.
PMID: 31406965 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6690616
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Pilot STEM Curriculum Designed to Teach High School Students Concepts in Biochemical Engineering and Pharmacology.
PMID: 31517314 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6741290
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Toxic Mechanisms Underlying Motor Activity Changes Induced by a Mixture of Lead, Arsenic and Manganese.
PMID: 31633124 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6800226
EC Neurology
Research Volunteers' Attitudes Toward Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.
PMID: 29662969 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5898812
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
PMID: 30215058 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133268
News and Events
June Issue Release
We always feel pleasure to share our updates with you all. Here, notifying you that we have successfully released the June issue of respective journals and the latest articles can be viewed on the current issue pages.
Submission Deadline for Upcoming Issue
ECronicon delightfully welcomes all the authors around the globe for effective collaboration with an article submission for the upcoming issue of respective journals. Submissions are accepted on/before July 12, 2022.
Certificate of Publication
ECronicon honors with a "Publication Certificate" to the corresponding author by including the names of co-authors as a token of appreciation for publishing the work with our respective journals.
Best Article of the Issue
Editors of respective journals will always be very much interested in electing one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of the selected article will be honored with a "Best Article of the Issue" certificate.
Certifying for Review
ECronicon certifies the Editors for their first review done towards the assigned article of the respective journals.
Latest Articles
The latest articles will be updated immediately on the articles in press page of the respective journals.