
2Faculty of Dental Hygiene UMC School of Health Related Professions, USA
3Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences University of Mississippi, USA
A frequency distribution was created by running an analysis on each independent variable in conjunction with the dependent variable. This procedure yielded the frequency of “yes” and “no” responses within each PEN variable with respect to dental visits. A chi- square test was then performed to examine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. After successful completion of exploratory data analysis and chi-square testing, the logistic regression models were developed.
The frequency distribution is depicted in table 1 below. In table 2, the results of the adjusted logistic regression model indicate that for age, using participants in the young age group as the reference (18-24 years), compared to those in the middle age bracket (25-40 years) were more likely to have a dental visit (OR = 0.81, p value = 0.041, 95% CI = 0.670686-0.991305) than older participants (41-65 years) (OR = 0.62, p value = 0.00, 95% CI = 0.504777-0.778652). The lowest odds were observed for the elderly group (> 65 years) (OR = 0.35, p value = 0.00, 95% CI = 0.272655-0.473441 demonstrating that as age increases the odds of having a dental visit decreases slightly.
Once every year | > than every year | ||
Education | High School or Less | 70.02 | 86.63 |
College or More | 29.98 | 13.37 | |
Age | Young | 14.36 | 13.7 |
Middle | 32.03 | 26.81 | |
Older | 45.51 | 42.12 | |
Elderly | 8.1 | 17.37 | |
Gender | Male | 37.19 | 44.89 |
Female | 62.81 | 55.11 | |
Marital Status | Married | 37.61 | 29.97 |
Not Married | 62.39 | 70.03 | |
Income Level | Low | 41.81 | 62.11 |
Middle | 32.23 | 25.56 | |
High | 25.97 | 12.33 | |
Insurance Coverage | Private | 64.34 | 37.21 |
Public | 22.84 | 34.52 | |
Uninsured | 12.82 | 28.27 | |
Dental Insurance | Yes | 46.23 | 22.31 |
No | 53.77 | 77.69 | |
USC | Yes | 77.63 | 64.34 |
No | 22.37 | 35.66 | |
Health Status | Good | 86.99 | 77.06 |
Fair | 10.68 | 17.76 | |
Poor | 2.33 | 5.18 |
Odds Ratio | P Value | [95% Conf. | Interval] | |
Education | ||||
College or More vs. High School or less | 1.87 | 0.00 | 1.576587 | 2.223026 |
Age | ||||
Middle vs. Young | 0.81 | 0.041 | 0.670686 | 0.991305 |
Older vs. Young | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.504777 | 0.778652 |
Elderly vs. Young | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.272655 | 0.473441 |
Gender | ||||
Female vs. Male | 1.45 | 0.00 | 1.294882 | 1.626699 |
Income | ||||
Middle vs. Low | 1.50 | 0.00 | 1.262799 | 1.801938 |
High vs. Low | 2.05 | 0.00 | 1.551795 | 2.72144 |
Insurance Coverage | ||||
Private vs. Uninsured | 1.94 | 0.00 | 1.587129 | 2.390536 |
Public vs. Uninsured | 1.80 | 0.00 | 1.467626 | 2.226472 |
Dental Insurance | ||||
Yes vs. No | 1.63 | 0.00 | 1.377751 | 1.934565 |
Usual Source of Care | ||||
Yes vs. No | 1.97 | 0.00 | 1.684234 | 2.314887 |
Health Status | ||||
Fair vs. Good | 0.68 | 0.00 | 0.571322 | 0.814351 |
Poor vs. Good | 0.54 | 0.004 | 0.360384 | 0.822392 |
The results of this study found that as income increases the odds of having a dental visit also increases. When compared to the low income category, those in the middle income demonstrated higher odds of having a dental visit (OR=1.50, p value=0.00, 95% CI = 1.262799-1.801938). Those with high incomes have the greatest odds; they are twice as likely to have a dental visit as those with low incomes (OR = 2.05, p value = 0.00, 95% CI = 1.551795-2.72144).
Self -reported health status served as the need variable for this study. Although this variable was significant, it did not demonstrate the impact that other variables such as income and usual source of care demonstrated. The analysis indicated that as health status declines, the odds of having a dental visit also declines, (OR = 0.6820975, p value = 0.00, 95% CI = 0.571322-0.814351) for those with fair health, and (OR = 0.54, p value = 0.004, 95% CI = 0.360384-0.822392) for those with poor health.
This study had two main limitations. The first was that it was limited to two years (2009, 2010) and the second was that the data was derived from participant self-reports, which involve administering a questionnaire to a survey participant and allowing them to select the answer that they feel is the most appropriate.Future within group studies are needed to precisely address factors associated with patient-provider trust as well as equal access to dental care among African American participants of differing socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. These investigations should address levels of patient provider in light of healthcare disparities and ethical violations historically experienced by African Americans. In addition, perceptions of equal access should also be evaluated with hopes to yield successful outreach efforts and quality dental care within African American communities.
- Holden C., et al. “Preventive Care Utilization among the Uninsured by Race/Ethnicity and Income”. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 48:1 (2015): 13-21.
- Borrell LN., et al. “Perception of General and Oral Health in White and African American Adults: Assessing the Effect of Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Conditions”. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology32.5 (2004): 363-373.
- Lesser LI., et al. “Comparison between US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations and Medicare coverage”. The Annals of Family Medicine9.1 (2011) 44-49.
- Cherry-Peppers G., et al. “Primary Oral Health Care in Black Americans: An Assessment of Current Status and Future Needs”. Journal of National Medical Association 87.2 (1995): 136-140.
- Okunseri C., et al. “Factors Associated with Receipt of Preventive Dental Treatment Procedures among Adult Patients at a Dental Training School in Wisconsin”. Gender Medicine6.1 (2009): 272-276.
- Manski RJ and LS Madger. “Demographic and Socioeconomic Predictors of Dental Care Utilization”. Journal of American Dental Association 129.2 (1998): 195-200.
- Doty HE and R Weech-Maldonado. “Racial/ethnic Disparities in Adult Dental Care Use”. Journal of Health Care for Poor and Underserved 14.4 (2003): 516-34.
- Dunlop DD., et al. “Gender and Ethnic/racial Disparities in Health Care Utilization among Older Adults." Journal of Gerontology B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 57.4 (2002): S221-233.
- Long SK., et al. “How Well Does Medicaid Work in Improving Access to Care?” Health Services Research Journal40.1 (2005): 39-58.
- Chen H., et al. “The Influence of Co morbidity and Other Health Measures on Dental and Medical Care Use among Medicare Beneficiaries”. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 71.3 (2011): 202-211.
- Gilbert GH., et al. “Racial Differences in Predictors of Dental Care Use”. Health Services Research37.6 (2002): 1487-1507.
- Aday LA and R Andersen. “A Framework for the Study of Access to Medical Care”. Health Services Research 9.3 (1974): 208-220.
- Cohen JW., et al. “The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey: A National Health Information Resource”. Inquiry 33.4 (1996): 373-389.
- Marlow NM., et al. “Health Insurance Status Is Associated with Periodontal Disease Progression among Gullah African-Americans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 71.2 (2011): 143-151.
- Okada LM and G Sparer. “Dental Visits by Income and Race in Ten Urban and Two Rural Areas”. American Journal of Public Health 66.9 (1976): 878-885.
Journal Menu
PubMed Indexed Article
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
LC-UV-MS and MS/MS Characterize Glutathione Reactivity with Different Isomers (2,2' and 2,4' vs. 4,4') of Methylene Diphenyl-Diisocyanate.
PMID: 31143884 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6536005
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics.
PMID: 31565701 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6764777
EC Neurology
Differences in Rate of Cognitive Decline and Caregiver Burden between Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: a Retrospective Study.
PMID: 27747317 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5065347
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Will Blockchain Technology Transform Healthcare and Biomedical Sciences?
PMID: 31460519 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6711478
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Is it a Prime Time for AI-powered Virtual Drug Screening?
PMID: 30215059 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133253
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Analysis of Evidence for the Combination of Pro-dopamine Regulator (KB220PAM) and Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder Relapse.
PMID: 30417173 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6226033
EC Anaesthesia
Arrest Under Anesthesia - What was the Culprit? A Case Report.
PMID: 30264037 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6155992
EC Orthopaedics
Distraction Implantation. A New Technique in Total Joint Arthroplasty and Direct Skeletal Attachment.
PMID: 30198026 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6124505
EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 40-79: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012.
PMID: 30294723 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6169793
EC Dental Science
Important Dental Fiber-Reinforced Composite Molding Compound Breakthroughs
PMID: 29285526 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5743211
EC Microbiology
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among HIV Infected and HIV Uninfected Patients Treated at the 1o De Maio Health Centre in Maputo, Mozambique
PMID: 29911204 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5999047
EC Microbiology
Macrophages and the Viral Dissemination Super Highway
PMID: 26949751 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4774560
EC Microbiology
The Microbiome, Antibiotics, and Health of the Pediatric Population.
PMID: 27390782 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4933318
EC Microbiology
Reactive Oxygen Species in HIV Infection
PMID: 28580453 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5450819
EC Microbiology
A Review of the CD4 T Cell Contribution to Lung Infection, Inflammation and Repair with a Focus on Wheeze and Asthma in the Pediatric Population
PMID: 26280024 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4533840
EC Neurology
Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis
PMID: 28066845 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5214344
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Paradigm Shift is the Normal State of Pharmacology
PMID: 28936490 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5604476
EC Neurology
Examining those Meeting IOM Criteria Versus IOM Plus Fibromyalgia
PMID: 28713879 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5510658
EC Neurology
Unilateral Frontosphenoid Craniosynostosis: Case Report and a Review of the Literature
PMID: 28133641 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5267489
EC Ophthalmology
OCT-Angiography for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Neuronal and Vascular Structure in Mouse Retina: Implication for Characterization of Retinal Neurovascular Coupling
PMID: 29333536 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5766278
EC Neurology
Longer Duration of Downslope Treadmill Walking Induces Depression of H-Reflexes Measured during Standing and Walking.
PMID: 31032493 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6483108
EC Microbiology
Onchocerciasis in Mozambique: An Unknown Condition for Health Professionals.
PMID: 30957099 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6448571
EC Nutrition
Food Insecurity among Households with and without Podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia.
PMID: 30101228 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6086333
EC Ophthalmology
REVIEW. +2 to +3 D. Reading Glasses to Prevent Myopia.
PMID: 31080964 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6508883
EC Gynaecology
Biomechanical Mapping of the Female Pelvic Floor: Uterine Prolapse Versus Normal Conditions.
PMID: 31093608 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6513001
EC Dental Science
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Breakthrough in Practical Clinical Applications with Advanced Wear Resistance for Dental Materials.
PMID: 31552397 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6758937
EC Microbiology
Neurocysticercosis in Child Bearing Women: An Overlooked Condition in Mozambique and a Potentially Missed Diagnosis in Women Presenting with Eclampsia.
PMID: 31681909 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824723
EC Microbiology
Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique.
PMID: 31681910 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824726
EC Neurology
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Cross-Talk in Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases.
PMID: 31528859 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6746603
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Can Chronic Consumption of Caffeine by Increasing D2/D3 Receptors Offer Benefit to Carriers of the DRD2 A1 Allele in Cocaine Abuse?
PMID: 31276119 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6604646
EC Anaesthesia
Real Time Locating Systems and sustainability of Perioperative Efficiency of Anesthesiologists.
PMID: 31406965 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6690616
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Pilot STEM Curriculum Designed to Teach High School Students Concepts in Biochemical Engineering and Pharmacology.
PMID: 31517314 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6741290
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Toxic Mechanisms Underlying Motor Activity Changes Induced by a Mixture of Lead, Arsenic and Manganese.
PMID: 31633124 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6800226
EC Neurology
Research Volunteers' Attitudes Toward Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.
PMID: 29662969 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5898812
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
PMID: 30215058 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133268
News and Events
January Issue Release
We always feel pleasure to share our updates with you all. Here, notifying you that we have successfully released the January issue of respective journals and can be viewed in the current issue pages.
Submission Deadline for January Issue
Ecronicon delightfully welcomes all the authors around the globe for effective collaboration with an article submission for the January issue of respective journals. Submissions are accepted on/before January 30, 2021.
Certificate of Publication
Ecronicon honors with a "Publication Certificate" to the corresponding author by including the names of co-authors as a token of appreciation for publishing the work with our respective journals.
Best Article of the Issue
Editors of respective journals will always be very much interested in electing one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of the selected article will be honored with a "Best Article of the Issue" certificate.
Certifying for Review
Ecronicon certifies the Editors for their first review done towards the assigned article of the respective journals.
Latest Articles
The latest articles will be updated immediately on the articles in press page of the respective journals.
Immediate Assistance
The prime motto of this team is to clarify all the queries without any delay or hesitation to avoid the inconvenience. For immediate assistance on your queries please don't hesitate to drop an email to editor@ecronicon.uk