Abstract
Both deciduous and permanent teeth can show severe discoloration due to external and internal pigments. Teeth change color over time due to genetic and environmental factors, and spots appear on their surfaces. However, discoloration and stains on the surface of the tooth are different from each other, and this makes their treatment methods also different.
Keywords: Teeth Discoloration; Stains; Genetic and Environmental Factors
References
- Eisenberg E and Bernick SM. “Anomalies of the teeth with stains and discolorations”. The Journal of Preventive Dentistry 2 (1975): 7-20.
- Philip RH., et al. "Management of tetracycline discolored teeth”. Aesthetic Dentistry Today6 (2008): 16.
- Kappas A., et al. "The porphyrias in the metabolic basis of inherited disease”. Stanbury JB, Wyngaarden JB, Fredickson DS, editors. New York: McGraw-Hill (1989): 1305-1365.
- Shafer Hine Levy. “Shafer’s Textbook of Oral Pathology, 6th Edition”. In: Rajendran R, Sivapathasundharam B, editors. India: Elsevier (2009): 764.
- Fayle SA and Pollard MA. “Congenital erythropoietic porphyria Oral manifestations and dental treatment in childhood: A case report”. Quintessence International 25 (1994): 551-554.
- Gilhuus-Moe O and Koppang HS. “Oral manifestations of porphyria”. Oral Surgery 33 (1972): 926-932.
- Link J. “Discoloration of the teeth in Alkaptonuria [Ochronosis] and Parkinsonism”. Chronicle 36 (1973): 130.
- Weerheijm KL. “Molar incisor hypomineralization [MIH]: clinical presentation, etiology, and management”. Dental Update 31 (2004): 9-12.
- Neville R., et al. "Oral and maxillofacial pathology”. St. Louis: Saunders (2009): 70-99.
- Watts A and Addy M. “Tooth discoloration and staining: a review of the literature”. British Dental Journal 190 (2001): 309-316.
- Sulieman M. “An overview of tooth discoloration: extrinsic, intrinsic and internalized stains”. Dental Update 32 (2005): 6-8.
- Garan A., et al. "Salivary parameters and caries indices in children with black tooth stains”. The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 36 (2012): 285-288.
- Bandon D., et al. "[Exogenous tooth discoloration in children: black stains]”. Archives de Pédiatrie 18 (2011): 1348-1352.
- Grossman L. “Root Canal Therapy”. 2nd Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger (1943): 347-349.
- Karimi M. “The Causes of Black Stained Teeth in Children and Ways of Treatment”. CPQ Dentistry3 (2019): 01-10.
- Martin JMG., et al. "Prevalence of black stain and associated risk factors in preschool Spanish children”. Pediatrics International3 (2013): 355-359.
- Mayta-Tovalino F and Torres-Quevedo J. “Extrinsic black stains on teeth and its association with tooth decay in children in mixed dentition”. La Revista Estomatológica Herediana 18 (2008): 16-20.
- Thomson AD., et al. "Tooth discoloration: staining effects of various sealers and medicaments”. Australian Endodontic Journal 38 (2012): 2-9.
- Davis MC., et al. "Sealer distribution in coronal dentin”. The Journal of Endodontics 28 (2002): 464-466.
- Gideon Holan and Anna B Fuks. “The diagnostic value of coronal dark-gray discoloration in primary teeth following traumatic injuries”. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry3 (1996): 224-227.
- Sánchez Andrés., et al. "Tetracycline and another tetracycline-derivative staining of the teeth and oral cavity”. International Journal of Dermatology 43 (2004): 709-715.
- Briggs RC. “Tetracycline, and liver disease”. The New England Journal of Medicine 269 (1963): 1386.
- Whalley PJ., et al. "Tetracycline toxicity in pregnancy, Liver and pancreatic dysfunction”. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 189 (1964): 357-362.
- Kline AH., et al. "Transplacental effect of Tetracyclines on teeth”. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 188 (1964): 178-180.
- Scholtanus Johannes., et al. "Penetration of amalgam constituents into dentine”. Journal of Dentistry 37 (2009): 366-373.
- Hattab FN., et al. "Dental discoloration: an overview”. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 11 (1999): 291-310.
- Dayan D., et al. "Tooth discoloration--extrinsic and intrinsic factors”. Quintessence International, Dental Diges 14 (1983): 195-199.
- Pashine A., et al. "Craniofacial and occlusal features of children with sickle cell disease compared to normal standards: a clinical and radiographic study of 50 pediatric patients”. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 21 (2020): 303-311.
- Mehta Dhaval., et al. "Amelogenesis imperfecta: Four case reports”. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine 4 (2013): 462-465.
- Chaudhary Mayur., et al. "Amelogenesis imperfecta: Report of a case and review of the literature”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP2 (2009): 70-77.
- West JD. “The aesthetic and endodontic dilemmas of calcific metamorphosis”. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry 9 (1997): 289-293.
- Scully C. “Oral and maxillofacial medicine: the basis of diagnosis and treatment”. Philadelphia: Churcill Levingstone (2008): 370-382.
- Hermont A., et al. "Eating Disorder Risk Behavior and Dental Implications among Adolescents”. International Journal of Eating Disorders 46 (2013): 677-683.
- Wong MC., et al. "Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (2010): CD007693.
- Dean JA. “McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent (10th )”. Elsevier Health Sciences (2015): 132.
- Bussell RM and Deery C. “Case report: Blue Chromogenic dental staining in a child with West syndrome”. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 11 (2010): 298-300.
- Raymond James and David Cook. “Still leaving stains on the teeth-the legacy of minocycline?” The Australasian Medical Journal4 (2015): 139-142.
- Plotino G., et al. “Non-vital tooth bleaching: a review of the literature and clinical procedures”. The Journal of Endodontics 34 (2008): 394-407.
- Leung SW. “Naturally occurring stains on the teeth of children”. Journal of the American Dental Association 41 (1950): 191-197.
- Fernandes KS., et al. “Green teeth”. The Journal of Pediatrics 158 (2011): 510.
- Battineni S and Clarke P. “Green teeth are a late complication of prolonged conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in extremely low birth weight infants”. Pediatric Dentistry 34 (2012): 103-106.
Journal Menu
PubMed Indexed Article
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
LC-UV-MS and MS/MS Characterize Glutathione Reactivity with Different Isomers (2,2' and 2,4' vs. 4,4') of Methylene Diphenyl-Diisocyanate.
PMID: 31143884 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6536005
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics.
PMID: 31565701 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6764777
EC Neurology
Differences in Rate of Cognitive Decline and Caregiver Burden between Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: a Retrospective Study.
PMID: 27747317 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5065347
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Will Blockchain Technology Transform Healthcare and Biomedical Sciences?
PMID: 31460519 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6711478
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Is it a Prime Time for AI-powered Virtual Drug Screening?
PMID: 30215059 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133253
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Analysis of Evidence for the Combination of Pro-dopamine Regulator (KB220PAM) and Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder Relapse.
PMID: 30417173 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6226033
EC Anaesthesia
Arrest Under Anesthesia - What was the Culprit? A Case Report.
PMID: 30264037 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6155992
EC Orthopaedics
Distraction Implantation. A New Technique in Total Joint Arthroplasty and Direct Skeletal Attachment.
PMID: 30198026 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6124505
EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 40-79: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012.
PMID: 30294723 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6169793
EC Dental Science
Important Dental Fiber-Reinforced Composite Molding Compound Breakthroughs
PMID: 29285526 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5743211
EC Microbiology
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among HIV Infected and HIV Uninfected Patients Treated at the 1o De Maio Health Centre in Maputo, Mozambique
PMID: 29911204 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5999047
EC Microbiology
Macrophages and the Viral Dissemination Super Highway
PMID: 26949751 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4774560
EC Microbiology
The Microbiome, Antibiotics, and Health of the Pediatric Population.
PMID: 27390782 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4933318
EC Microbiology
Reactive Oxygen Species in HIV Infection
PMID: 28580453 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5450819
EC Microbiology
A Review of the CD4 T Cell Contribution to Lung Infection, Inflammation and Repair with a Focus on Wheeze and Asthma in the Pediatric Population
PMID: 26280024 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4533840
EC Neurology
Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis
PMID: 28066845 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5214344
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Paradigm Shift is the Normal State of Pharmacology
PMID: 28936490 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5604476
EC Neurology
Examining those Meeting IOM Criteria Versus IOM Plus Fibromyalgia
PMID: 28713879 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5510658
EC Neurology
Unilateral Frontosphenoid Craniosynostosis: Case Report and a Review of the Literature
PMID: 28133641 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5267489
EC Ophthalmology
OCT-Angiography for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Neuronal and Vascular Structure in Mouse Retina: Implication for Characterization of Retinal Neurovascular Coupling
PMID: 29333536 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5766278
EC Neurology
Longer Duration of Downslope Treadmill Walking Induces Depression of H-Reflexes Measured during Standing and Walking.
PMID: 31032493 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6483108
EC Microbiology
Onchocerciasis in Mozambique: An Unknown Condition for Health Professionals.
PMID: 30957099 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6448571
EC Nutrition
Food Insecurity among Households with and without Podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia.
PMID: 30101228 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6086333
EC Ophthalmology
REVIEW. +2 to +3 D. Reading Glasses to Prevent Myopia.
PMID: 31080964 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6508883
EC Gynaecology
Biomechanical Mapping of the Female Pelvic Floor: Uterine Prolapse Versus Normal Conditions.
PMID: 31093608 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6513001
EC Dental Science
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Breakthrough in Practical Clinical Applications with Advanced Wear Resistance for Dental Materials.
PMID: 31552397 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6758937
EC Microbiology
Neurocysticercosis in Child Bearing Women: An Overlooked Condition in Mozambique and a Potentially Missed Diagnosis in Women Presenting with Eclampsia.
PMID: 31681909 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824723
EC Microbiology
Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique.
PMID: 31681910 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824726
EC Neurology
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Cross-Talk in Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases.
PMID: 31528859 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6746603
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Can Chronic Consumption of Caffeine by Increasing D2/D3 Receptors Offer Benefit to Carriers of the DRD2 A1 Allele in Cocaine Abuse?
PMID: 31276119 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6604646
EC Anaesthesia
Real Time Locating Systems and sustainability of Perioperative Efficiency of Anesthesiologists.
PMID: 31406965 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6690616
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Pilot STEM Curriculum Designed to Teach High School Students Concepts in Biochemical Engineering and Pharmacology.
PMID: 31517314 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6741290
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Toxic Mechanisms Underlying Motor Activity Changes Induced by a Mixture of Lead, Arsenic and Manganese.
PMID: 31633124 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6800226
EC Neurology
Research Volunteers' Attitudes Toward Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.
PMID: 29662969 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5898812
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
PMID: 30215058 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133268
News and Events
May Issue Release
We always feel pleasure to share our updates with you all. Here, notifying you that we have successfully released the May issue of respective journals and the latest articles can be viewed on the current issue pages.
Submission Deadline for Upcoming Issue
ECronicon delightfully welcomes all the authors around the globe for effective collaboration with an article submission for the upcoming issue of respective journals. Submissions are accepted on/before May 25, 2022.
Certificate of Publication
ECronicon honors with a "Publication Certificate" to the corresponding author by including the names of co-authors as a token of appreciation for publishing the work with our respective journals.
Best Article of the Issue
Editors of respective journals will always be very much interested in electing one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of the selected article will be honored with a "Best Article of the Issue" certificate.
Certifying for Review
ECronicon certifies the Editors for their first review done towards the assigned article of the respective journals.
Latest Articles
The latest articles will be updated immediately on the articles in press page of the respective journals.