Abstract

Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the supporting tissue of teeth and has been associated with obesity in various researches. The objective of this study was to observe an association between obesity and different periodontal indices.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study using non-probability convenience sampling technique was conducted at the Department of Periodontology, Fatima Jinnah Dental College and Hospital after ethical approval. Total 343 dental out-patients between 20 - 75 years of age of either gender, with/without any past medical history pregnant or lactating patients who were below 20 years of age were excluded.

Association of obesity with Basic Periodontal Examination Index, Bleeding Index, Gingival Index and Plaque Index was assessed using chi-square test. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: The mean age and body mass index of patients was 34 ± 12 years and 25 ± 7 kg/m². 177 (51.6%) patients were male and 166 (48.4%) were female. Majority of the enrolled patients (40%) had poor oral hygiene. More than 50% of patients were non-obese. A significant association was observed between obesity and Basic Periodontal Examination Index (p = 0.01) while Bleeding Index (p = 0.05), Gingival Index (p = 0.7) and Plaque Index (p = 0.6) were not found to be associated with obesity.

Conclusion: It was concluded in our study that obesity was associated with basic periodontal examination index. However, the relationship between obesity and bleeding index, gingival index and plaque index was insignificant. Furthermore, oral hygiene was seen to be poor in most of the cases in our study.

Keywords: Periodontitis; Obesity; Periodontal Index

References

1. Van Dyke TE and Van Winkelhoff AJ. “Infection and inflammatory mechanisms”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14 (2013): 1-7.
2. Cekici A., et al. “Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease”. Periodontology 20001 (2014): 57-80.
3. Marcenes W., et al. “Global burden of oral conditions in 1990-2010: a systematic analysis”. Journal of Dental Research 7 (2013): 592-597.
4. Kassebaum NJ., et al. “Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010: a systematic review and meta-regression”. Journal of Dental Research 11 (2014): 1045-1053.
5. Cullinan MP and Seymour GJ. “Periodontal disease and systemic illness: will the evidence ever be enough?” Periodontology 20001 (2013): 271-286.
6. Sánchez-Cruz JJ., et al. “Prevalence of child and youth obesity in Spain in 2012”. Revista Española de Cardiología5 (2013): 371-376.
7. Horta BL., et al. “Cohort profile update: the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study”. International Journal of Epidemiology 2 (2015): 441-446.
8. Peres KG., et al. “Oral health studies in the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort: methodology and principal results at 15 and 24 years of age”. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 27 (2011): 1569-1580.
9. Chrysant SG and Chrysant GS. “New insights into the true nature of the obesity paradox and the lower cardiovascular risk”. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 1 (2013): 85-94.
10. Suvan J., et al. “Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults. A systematic review”. Obesity Reviews 5 (2011): 381-404.
11. Nascimento GG., et al. “Is weight gain associated with the incidence of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta analysis”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology6 (2015): 495-505.
12. Dickie de Castilhos E., et al. “Association between obesity and periodontal disease in young adults: a population‐based birth cohort”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology8 (2012): 717-724.
13. Ghigliotti G., et al. “Adipose tissue immune response: novel triggers and consequences for chronic inflammatory conditions”. Inflammation 4 (2014): 1337-1353.
14. Saxlin T., et al. “Association between periodontal infection and obesity: results of the Health 2000 Survey”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 3 (2011): 236-242.
15. Poortinga W. “The prevalence and clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors in an English adult population”. Preventive Medicine 2 (2007): 124-128.
16. Murray ET., et al. “Overweight across the life course and adipokines, inflammatory and endothelial markers at age 60–64 years: evidence from the 1946 birth cohort”. International Journal of Obesity 6 (2015): 1010-1018.
17. Giri DK., et al. “Periodontal disease and obesity in an Indian population”. Journal of College of Medical Sciences 2 (2013): 144-148.
18. Amin HE. “Relationship between overall and abdominal obesity and periodontal disease among young adults”. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 4 (2010): 429-434.
19. Nascimento GG., et al. “Diet-induced overweight and obesity and periodontitis risk: an application of the parametric G-Formula in the 1982 pelotas birth cohort”. American Journal of Epidemiology 6 (2017): 442-451.
20. Chaffee BW and Weston SJ. “Association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: a systematic review and metaanalysis”. Journal of Periodontology 12 (2010): 1708-1724.
21. Atabay VE., et al. “ Obesity and oxidative stress in patients with different periodontal status: a case–control study”. Journal of Periodontal Research 1 (2017): 51-60.
22. Pataro AL., et al. “Association between severity of body mass index and periodontal condition in women”. Clinical Oral Investigations 3 (2012): 727-734.
23. Ekuni D., et al. “Relationship between increases in BMI and changes in periodontal status: a prospective cohort study”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology8 (2014): 772-778.
24. Gorman A., et al. “Overweight and obesity predict time to periodontal disease progression in men”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology2 (2012): 107-114.
25. Kongstad J., et al. “The relationship between body mass index and periodontitis in the Copenhagen City Heart Study”. Journal of Periodontology 8 (2009): 1246-1253.
26. Ylöstalo P., et al. “Association between body weight and periodontal infection”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 4 (2008): 297-304.
27. Kim EJ., et al. “Periodontitis and obesity: a study of the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination survey”. Journal of Periodontology 4 (2011): 533-542.