Abstract
Dementia Pugilistica (DP) is the initial term used to characterize a progressive cognitive deterioration, as result of multiple concussions, occurring in boxers, who have ended their professional carrier. As a similar deterioration is also observed in American football players, and other contact sport athletes, and in military veterans a more general term is used called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). It is not known whether the clinical and neuropathological characteristics are completely the same in CTE of athletes and military veterans compared to DP, described in boxers.
Different clinical stages of these diseases have been proposed starting with mild psychiatric symptoms and progressing to a severe dementia status and eventual associated motor symptoms.
As DP and CTE are classified as neurodegenerative diseases mainly characterized by hyperphosphorylated tau pathology, also a grading system of the neuropathological lesions has been introduced, starting with discrete foci in the frontal cerebral cortex and with a progressive generalization during the further evolution. Also, other neurodegenerative diseases can be found associated to DP and CTE.
Currently, some of the greatest challenges are that DP and CTE cannot be diagnosed with certainty during life and that the incidence and the prevalence of these disorders remain uncertain. Also, the post-mortem lesions can sometimes not be distinguished from those in the Alzheimer’s disease.
Keywords: Dementia Pugilistica; Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy; Tau Pathology; Alzheimer’s Disease; Lewy Body Disease; Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration; Motor Neuron Disease
References
- Corsellis JA., et al. “The aftermath of boxing”. Psychological Medicine 3 (1973): 270-303.
- Castellani RJ and Perry G. “Dementia Pugilistica revisited”. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 60 (2017): 1209-1221.
- Jordan BD. “Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing”. Seminars in Neurology 20 (2000): 179-185.
- Goldstein LE., et al. “Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model”. Science Translational Medicine 4 (2012): 134ra60.
- McKee AC., et al. “The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. Brain 136 (2013): 43-64.
- McKee AC., et al. “The neuropathology of sport”. Acta Neuropathologica 127 (2014): 29-51.
- Montenigro PH., et al. “Clinical subtypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: literature review and proposed research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome”. Alzheimer's Research and Therapy 6 (2014): 68.
- Chauhan NB. “Chronic neurodegenerative consequences of traumatic brain injury”. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 3 (2014): 337-365.
- McKee AC., et al. “The neuropathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. Brain Pathology 25 (2015): 350-364.
- Smith DH., et al. “Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?” Nature Reviews Neurology 9 (2013): 211-221.
- Cantu RC. “Posttraumatic retrograde and anterograde amnesia, pathophysiology and implications in grading and safe return to play”. The Journal of Athletic Training 36 (2001): 244-248.
- American Academy of Neurology. “Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology”. Neurology 48 (1997): 581-585.
- Harmon KG., et al. “American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport”. British Journal of Sports Medicine 47 (2013): 15-26.
- Guskiewicz KM., et al. “Evidence-based approach to revising the SCAT2: Introducing the SCAT 3”. British Journal of Sports Medicine 47 (213): 289-293.
- Stein TD., et al. “Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A spectrum of neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military personnel”. Alzheimer's Research and Therapy 15 (2014): 4.
- Allsop D., et al. “Neurofibrillary tangles in some cases of dementia pugilistica share antigens with amyloid beta-protein of Alzheimer's disease”. The American Journal of Pathology 136 (1990): 255-260.
- Schmidt ML., et al. “Tau isoform profile and phosphorylation state in dementia pugilistica recapitulate Alzheimer's disease”. Acta Neuropathologica 101 (2001): 518-524.
- Noy S., et al. “Chronic traumatic encephalopathy-like abnormalities in a routine neuropathology service”. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 75 (2016): 1145-1154.
- Mahar I., et al. “Psychiatric phenotypes in chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2017).
- Mendez MF. “The neuropsychiatric aspects of boxing”. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 25 (1995): 249-262.
- Gavett BE., et al. “Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a potential late effect of sport-related concussive and subconcussive head trauma”. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 30 (2011): 179-188.
- Fesharaki-Zadeh A. “Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A brief overview”. Frontiers in Neurology 3 (2019): 731.
- Jordan BD., et al. “Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing”. The Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (1997): 136-140.
- Bieniek KF., et al. “Chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathology in a neurodegenerative disorders bank”. Acta Neuropathologica 130 (2015): 877-889.
- Zhang L., et al. “Diffusion anisotropy changes in brains of professional boxers”. American Journal of Neuroradiology 27 (2006): 2000-2004.
- Taghdiri F., et al. “Elevated cerebrospinal fluid total tau in former professional athletes with multiple concussions”. Neurology 92 (2019): 2717-2726.
- Stern RA., et al. “Tau positron-emission tomography in former national football league players”. The New England Journal of Medicine 380 (2019): 1716-1725.
- Josephs KA. “Current understanding of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the protein tau”. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 92 (2017): 1291-1303.
- McKee AC., et al. “Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive taupathy after repetitive head injury”. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 68 (2009): 709-735.
- Bodensteiner JB and Schaefer GB. “Dementia pugilistica and cavum septi pellucidi: born to box?” Sports Medicine 24 (1997): 361-365.
- Hof PR., et al. “Differential distribution of neurofibrllary tangles in the cerebral cortex of dementia pugilistica and Alzheimer’s disease cases”. Acta Neuropathologica 85 (1992): 23-30.
- McKee AC., et al. “The neuropathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. Brain Pathology 25 (2015): 350-364.
- Falcon B., et al. “Novel tau filament fold in chronic traumatic encephalopathy encloses hydrophobic molecules”. Nature 568 (2019): 420-423.
- Hsu ET., et al. “Astrocytic degeneration in chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. Acta Neuropathologica 136 (2018): 955-972.
- McKee AC., et al. “The neuropathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. The Handbook of Clinical Neurology 158 (2018): 297-307.
- Alosco ML., et al. “Association of white matter rarefaction, arteriosclerosis and tau with dementia in chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. JAMA Neurology 76 (2019): 1298-1308.
- Bi B., et al. “Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals impaired axonal guidance signaling in human postmortem brain tissues of chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. Experimental Neurobiology 28 (2019): 362-375.
- Armstrong A. “Cortical laminar distribution of ß-amyloid deposits in five neurodegenerative disorders”. Folia Neuropathologica 58 (2020): 1-9.
- Stein DT., et al. “Beta-amyloid deposition in chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. Acta Neuropathologica 130 (2015): 21-34.
- Kokjohn TA., et al. “Neurochemical profile of dementia pugilistica”. Journal of Neurotrauma 30 (2013): 981-997.
- Standring OJ., et al. “Contact sport participation and chronic traumatic encephalopathy are associated with altered severity and distribution of cerebral amyloid angiopathy”. Acta Neuropathologica 138 (2019): 401-413.
- Daglas M and Adlard PA. “The involvement of iron in traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease”. Frontiers in Neuroscience 981 (2018).
- Haglund Y and Bergstrand G. “Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? A retrospective study with CT and MRI”. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 82 (1990): 297-302.
- De Reuck J. “Risk factors for late-onset seizures related to cerebral contusions in adults with moderate traumatic brain injury”. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 113 (2011): 469-471.
- Adams J., et al. “Lewy body pathology and chronic traumatic encephalopathy associated with contact sports”. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 77 (2018): 757-768.
- McKee AC., et al. “TDP-43 proteinopathy and motor neuron disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy”. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 69 (2010): 918-929.
Journal Menu
PubMed Indexed Article
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
LC-UV-MS and MS/MS Characterize Glutathione Reactivity with Different Isomers (2,2' and 2,4' vs. 4,4') of Methylene Diphenyl-Diisocyanate.
PMID: 31143884 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6536005
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics.
PMID: 31565701 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6764777
EC Neurology
Differences in Rate of Cognitive Decline and Caregiver Burden between Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: a Retrospective Study.
PMID: 27747317 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5065347
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Will Blockchain Technology Transform Healthcare and Biomedical Sciences?
PMID: 31460519 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6711478
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Is it a Prime Time for AI-powered Virtual Drug Screening?
PMID: 30215059 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133253
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Analysis of Evidence for the Combination of Pro-dopamine Regulator (KB220PAM) and Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder Relapse.
PMID: 30417173 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6226033
EC Anaesthesia
Arrest Under Anesthesia - What was the Culprit? A Case Report.
PMID: 30264037 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6155992
EC Orthopaedics
Distraction Implantation. A New Technique in Total Joint Arthroplasty and Direct Skeletal Attachment.
PMID: 30198026 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6124505
EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 40-79: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012.
PMID: 30294723 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6169793
EC Dental Science
Important Dental Fiber-Reinforced Composite Molding Compound Breakthroughs
PMID: 29285526 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5743211
EC Microbiology
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among HIV Infected and HIV Uninfected Patients Treated at the 1o De Maio Health Centre in Maputo, Mozambique
PMID: 29911204 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5999047
EC Microbiology
Macrophages and the Viral Dissemination Super Highway
PMID: 26949751 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4774560
EC Microbiology
The Microbiome, Antibiotics, and Health of the Pediatric Population.
PMID: 27390782 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4933318
EC Microbiology
Reactive Oxygen Species in HIV Infection
PMID: 28580453 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5450819
EC Microbiology
A Review of the CD4 T Cell Contribution to Lung Infection, Inflammation and Repair with a Focus on Wheeze and Asthma in the Pediatric Population
PMID: 26280024 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4533840
EC Neurology
Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis
PMID: 28066845 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5214344
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Paradigm Shift is the Normal State of Pharmacology
PMID: 28936490 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5604476
EC Neurology
Examining those Meeting IOM Criteria Versus IOM Plus Fibromyalgia
PMID: 28713879 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5510658
EC Neurology
Unilateral Frontosphenoid Craniosynostosis: Case Report and a Review of the Literature
PMID: 28133641 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5267489
EC Ophthalmology
OCT-Angiography for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Neuronal and Vascular Structure in Mouse Retina: Implication for Characterization of Retinal Neurovascular Coupling
PMID: 29333536 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5766278
EC Neurology
Longer Duration of Downslope Treadmill Walking Induces Depression of H-Reflexes Measured during Standing and Walking.
PMID: 31032493 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6483108
EC Microbiology
Onchocerciasis in Mozambique: An Unknown Condition for Health Professionals.
PMID: 30957099 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6448571
EC Nutrition
Food Insecurity among Households with and without Podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia.
PMID: 30101228 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6086333
EC Ophthalmology
REVIEW. +2 to +3 D. Reading Glasses to Prevent Myopia.
PMID: 31080964 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6508883
EC Gynaecology
Biomechanical Mapping of the Female Pelvic Floor: Uterine Prolapse Versus Normal Conditions.
PMID: 31093608 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6513001
EC Dental Science
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Breakthrough in Practical Clinical Applications with Advanced Wear Resistance for Dental Materials.
PMID: 31552397 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6758937
EC Microbiology
Neurocysticercosis in Child Bearing Women: An Overlooked Condition in Mozambique and a Potentially Missed Diagnosis in Women Presenting with Eclampsia.
PMID: 31681909 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824723
EC Microbiology
Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique.
PMID: 31681910 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824726
EC Neurology
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Cross-Talk in Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases.
PMID: 31528859 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6746603
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Can Chronic Consumption of Caffeine by Increasing D2/D3 Receptors Offer Benefit to Carriers of the DRD2 A1 Allele in Cocaine Abuse?
PMID: 31276119 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6604646
EC Anaesthesia
Real Time Locating Systems and sustainability of Perioperative Efficiency of Anesthesiologists.
PMID: 31406965 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6690616
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Pilot STEM Curriculum Designed to Teach High School Students Concepts in Biochemical Engineering and Pharmacology.
PMID: 31517314 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6741290
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Toxic Mechanisms Underlying Motor Activity Changes Induced by a Mixture of Lead, Arsenic and Manganese.
PMID: 31633124 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6800226
EC Neurology
Research Volunteers' Attitudes Toward Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.
PMID: 29662969 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5898812
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
PMID: 30215058 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133268
News and Events
April Issue Release
We always feel pleasure to share our updates with you all. Here, notifying you that we have successfully released the April issue of respective journals and the latest articles can be viewed on the current issue pages.
Submission Deadline for upcoming Issue
Ecronicon delightfully welcomes all the authors around the globe for effective collaboration with an article submission for the upcoming issue of respective journals. Submissions are accepted on/before April 26, 2021.
Certificate of Publication
Ecronicon honors with a "Publication Certificate" to the corresponding author by including the names of co-authors as a token of appreciation for publishing the work with our respective journals.
Best Article of the Issue
Editors of respective journals will always be very much interested in electing one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of the selected article will be honored with a "Best Article of the Issue" certificate.
Certifying for Review
Ecronicon certifies the Editors for their first review done towards the assigned article of the respective journals.
Latest Articles
The latest articles will be updated immediately on the articles in press page of the respective journals.
Immediate Assistance
The prime motto of this team is to clarify all the queries without any delay or hesitation to avoid the inconvenience. For immediate assistance on your queries please don't hesitate to drop an email to editor@ecronicon.uk