
The agriculture sector in Ethiopia is the most important sector for sustaining growth and reducing poverty. However, lack of adequate nutrient supply, the depletion of soil organic matter, and soil erosion are major obstacles to sustained agricultural production [1]. Very low or low soil fertility status of agricultural land of smallholders are mentioned as one of the main constraints of crop yields in Ethiopia [2-4]. They have documented the problem of low soil nutrient reserves and negative nutrient balances in croplands with few or no external nutrient inputs compared to the nutrient status of forest areas, grazing or well managed lands. The problem is more serious in the highlands where most of the human and livestock population is found [3]. This is mainly due to the complete removal of crop residues from farm lands for household energy and livestock feed, use of manure as a source of fuel instead of using it for soil fertility maintenance and lack of appropriate in-situ SWC practices [5,6].
⮚ To select best organic matter for soil fertility improvement
⮚ To determine organic matter application cycle
⮚ To improve farmers’ understanding on use of organic matter for soil fertility management
The experiment was conducted in two districts namely, Shashemene and Kofele of West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia, during 2013-2016 main cropping seasons. Shashemene and Kofele districts are located at 38° 56´ N, 7° 23´ E, 2002 m.a.s.l. and 39° 05´ N, 7° 15´ E, 2350 m.a.s.l., respectively. The rainfall pattern of these areas is characterized by bimodal distribution with small rainy season belg (March-June) and main rainy seasons Meher (July-November). The annual total rainfall was 1520 mm at Shashemene and 1767 mm at Kofele with respective mean annual temperature of 19.7 and 14.7°C respectively.

Figure 1: Geographical location of Kofele and Shashemene district in West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia.
The experiment was restricted on the application of organic matter (compost, Animal manure, green manure) and control (with no organic matter application) to evaluate their effect on soil fertility status and crop production. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having 3 replications. The net plot size was 3 x 4 m (12 m2) with 50 cm row spacing and a total of 12 plots at each experimental site.
Effect of Organic fertilizer on Bread Wheat yield (Tritium aestivum L.) and food Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
The result revealed that wheat yield was increased from 21-30kun/ha, 15-25kun/ha, and 17-20kun/ha by using compost, Animal manure, and green manure respectively from 2013 - 2014 but showed a decreasing trend from 2015 - 2016 cropping season (Figure 2). On the other hand, yield of barley was increased from 41-58kun/ha, 36-51kun/ha, and 26-40kun/ha by using compost, Animal manure, and green manure respectively from 2013 - 2014 but showed a decreasing trend from 2015-2016 cropping season (Figure 3). This is due to the fact that mineralization or nutrient availability from the Organic matter is higher in the second year and reduced gradually in the 3rd and 4th years (keeping other yield factors control). Use of compost showed better yield response in both crops as compared with the rest of treatments.
Duration (2013-2016) |
Treatments | Mean yield in Ku/ha |
Std. Dev. |
Minimum yield in Ku/ha |
Maximum yield in Ku/ha |
1st Year (2013) | Animal manure | 15.00efg | 2.00 | 13.00 | 17.00 |
Compost | 21.67bcd | 1.53 | 20.00 | 23.00 | |
Green manure | 17.17def | 0.76 | 16.50 | 18.00 | |
Control | 10.67g | 1.53 | 9.00 | 12.00 | |
2nd Year (2014) | Animal manure | 25.78efg | 1.54 | 24.40 | 27.45 |
Compost | 30.50a | 0.50 | 30.00 | 31.00 | |
Green manure | 20.10cde | 1.39 | 18.50 | 21.00 | |
Control | 13.00fg | 1.00 | 12.00 | 14.00 | |
3rd Year (2015) | Animal manure | 23.74bc | 1.41 | 22.22 | 25.00 |
Compost | 23.70bc | 11.40 | 11.11 | 33.33 | |
Green manure | 19.00cde | 1.00 | 18.00 | 20.00 | |
Control | 12.17fg | 0.76 | 11.50 | 13.00 | |
4th Year (2016) | Animal manure | 17.03def | 5.01 | 12.22 | 22.22 |
Compost | 12.22fg | 1.11 | 11.11 | 13.33 | |
Green manure | 16.29def | 1.70 | 14.44 | 17.77 | |
Control | 15.18efg | 1.70 | 13.33 | 16.66 | |
CV (%) | 18.32 | ||||
LSD0.05 | 5.58 | ||||
P-value | 0.0001 |
Table 1: Mean Comparison Wheat yield among the treatments across the experimental period.
Duration (2013-2016) |
Treatments | Mean yield in Ku/ha |
Std. Dev. |
Minimum yield in Ku/ha |
Maximum yield in Ku/ha |
1st Year (2013) | Animal manure | 36.38c | 2.95 | 33.50 | 39.40 |
Compost | 41.40c | 3.52 | 38.50 | 45.33 | |
Green manure | 26.22d | 4.22 | 21.66 | 30.00 | |
Control | 15.00fg | 2.00 | 13.00 | 17.00 | |
2nd Year (2014) | Animal manure | 51.00b | 6.90 | 43.75 | 57.50 |
Compost | 58.75a | 7.60 | 50.00 | 63.75 | |
Green manure | 40.11c | 6.22 | 33.75 | 46.20 | |
Control | 17.00efg | 1.73 | 15.00 | 18.00 | |
3rd Year (2015) | Animal manure | 22.94ed | 2.08 | 20.83 | 25.00 |
Compost | 26.66d | 4.72 | 23.00 | 32.00 | |
Green manure | 20.66edf | 1.15 | 20.00 | 22.00 | |
Control | 12.83g | 1.25 | 11.50 | 14.00 | |
4th Year (2016) | Animal manure | 19.66ef | 0.57 | 19.00 | 20.00 |
Compost | 20.66edf | 0.57 | 20.00 | 21.00 | |
Green manure | 20.00ef | 1.00 | 19.00 | 21.00 | |
Control | 19.00efg | 1.00 | 18.00 | 20.00 | |
CV (%) | 13.31 | ||||
LSD0.05 | 6.20 | ||||
P-value | 0.001 |
Table 2: Mean Comparison Barley yield among the treatments across the experimental period.
Soil Samples were collected to the depth of 20 cm every year starting from the first year of application (2013) to the last experimental period (2014) from both experimental sites and analyzed for major soil nutrient contents. Accordingly, soil samples were analyzed for total N, available P, K and soil organic matter content. It was identified that soil macro nutrient such as total nitrogen, available phosphorous and potassium are significantly different (at p < 0.05) among the treatments at all cropping season except in the fourth year where the there are no significance differences in soil nutrient contents among the treatments (Table 3 and 4).
Duration (2013-2016) | Treatments | Total N (%) | Avail. P in ppm | Avail. K in g/kg soil | EC in mmhos/ cm |
pH | SOC (%) | C/N |
1st Year (2013) | Animal manure | 0.38b | 46.40b | 356.81b | 0.09c | 4.26d | 8.86a | 23.54ef |
Compost | 0.44a | 61.33a | 458.77a | 0.07c | 4.25de | 8.02ab | 18.54f | |
Green manure | 0.31c | 37.00c | 259.25c | 0.13c | 3.99e | 7.48abc | 23.97ef | |
Control | 0.15ghi | 15.67e | 130.55e | 0.39bc | 4.00ed | 7.87ab | 55.06ab | |
2nd Year (2014) | Animal manure | 0.29cd | 25.33d | 229.03cd | 0.43bc | 5.27a | 5.64def | 19.85ef |
Compost | 0.31c | 34.00c | 329.69b | 0.96a | 5.26a | 5.70def | 18.35f | |
Green manure | 0.30c | 25.87d | 131.03e | 0.09c | 5.27a | 5.59def | 18.65f | |
Control | 0.12hi | 14.00e | 125.02e | 0.69ab | 5.17abc | 4.42f | 46.19bc | |
3rd Year (2015) | Animal manure | 0.25ed | 17.23e | 198.67d | 0.05c | 4.99bc |
6.86bcd | 27.35def |
Compost | 0.23ef | 22.00d | 259.50c | 0.05c | 5.03abc | 6.98bcd | 30.48de | |
Green manure | 0.18fg | 15.83e | 198.00d | 0.05c | 4.99bc | 6.14cde | 35.95cd | |
Control | 0.11i | 19.33e | 111.00e | 0.06c | 4.95c | 6.59bcd | 59.26a | |
4th Year (2016) | Animal manure | 0.17gh | 13.67e | 131.58e | 0.06c | 5.10abc | 5.09ef | 31.03de |
Compost | 0.16ghi | 19.53e | 125.41e | 0.07c | 5.20a | 6.10def | 38.95cd | |
Green manure | 0.13hi | 17.37e | 128.27e | 0.05c | 5.22ab | 6.71cdef | 31.68de | |
Control | 0.13hi | 16.00e | 100.43e | 0.06c | 5.02abc | 4.81f | 37.32cd | |
CV (%) | 12.58 | 13.12 | 13.12 | 12.00 | 3.31 | 15.68 | 21.03 | |
LSD0.05 | 0.05 | 5.70 | 5.70 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 1.69 | 11.70 | |
P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.021 |
Table 3: Mean comparison of soil chemical properties at Garmama FTC, Kofele.
Duration (2013-2016) | Treatments | Total N (%) | Avail. P in ppm | Avail. K in g/kg soil | EC in mmhos/ cm |
pH | SOC (%) | C/N |
1st Year (2013) | Animal manure | 0.44a | 105.27ab | 226.73ab | 0.29ab | 5.45ed | 8.57a | 19.72efg |
Compost | 0.47a | 80.53abcd | 321.67a | 0.29a | 5.33e | 8.52a | 18.03efg | |
Green manure | 0.36b | 104.07ab | 128.79bcde | 0.32a | 5.47cde | 8.27ab | 22.94efg | |
Control | 0.20fg | 48.33cde | 48.33e | 0.27abc | 5.44de | 8.29ab | 41.60a | |
2nd Year (2014) | Animal manure | 0.35bc | 88.07abcd | 112.24ed | 0.21cd | 6.00a | 5.64cd | 16.07fg |
Compost | 0.42a | 99.36abc | 209.00bcd | 0.23bc | 6.03a | 5.70cd | 13.50g | |
Green manure | 0.29cd | 95.54abc | 101.43e | 0.21cd | 5.90abc | 5.60cd | 18.69efg | |
Control | 0.19fg | 37.67de | 43.33e | 0.21cd | 5.93ab | 5.42cd | 31.01bcd | |
3rd Year (2015) | Animal manure | 0.26de | 55.02bcde | 104.00e | 0.12f | 5.81abc |
6.86abc | 26.19cde |
Compost | 0.30cd | 55.55bcde | 123.00cde | 0.12f | 5.78abc | 6.99abc | 23.35efg | |
Green manure | 0.23ef | 60.54bcde | 217.33bc | 0.11f | 5.74abcd | 6.14cd | 26.82cde | |
Control | 0.18fg | 26.33e | 41.67e | 0.10f | 5.75abcd | 6.60bcd | 37.24ab | |
4th Year (2016) | Animal manure | 0.19fg | 30.12e | 73.33e | 0.10f | 5.83abcd | 5.09d | 26.31cde |
Compost | 0.21ef | 57.67cde | 60.13e | 0.13ef | 5.50bcd | 6.11cd | 26.31cde | |
Green manure | 0.20fg | 61.72cde | 48.63e | 0.12f | 5.63abcd | 6.71bcd | 33.77abc | |
Control | 0.17g | 23.00e | 49.83e | 0.14def | 5.88abcd | 5.92cd | 33.90abc | |
CV (%) | 11.50 | 40.94 | 35.77 | 25.26 | 4.62 | 15.8 | 23.22 | |
LSD0.05 | 0.05 | 52.59 | 100.77 | 0.07 | 0.44 | 1.74 | 10.12 | |
P-value | 0.001 | 0.017 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.037 | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Table 4: Mean comparison of soil chemical properties at Halache FTC, Shashemene.
⮚ Thus, it was recommended that the farmers can use organic fertilizers in their fields to full fill the deficiency of mineral nutrition in the soil. Because the synthetic fertilizers are now days become beyond the bought capacity of the farmers.
⮚ Maximum crop yield was obtained in the second year while showing decreasing trend in the third and fourth years. Therefore, it is advisable farmers to reapply organic fertilizers starting from the third cropping season.
⮚ Use of compost resulted in high yield for both crops followed by Animal manure and green manure. Therefore, it is advisable to use compost as strategy to improve soil fertility and increasing crop yield.
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