
- “Green Energy” plants can be introduced and promoted for cultivation in the traditional agro-forestry systems to improve the degraded situation of deforestation and energy supply in Nepal Himalaya by developing agro forestry on the farm lands of individual farm households, especially in the mid and high hill farming systems;
- Nepal has been found with vast field of fixed and essential plant oil energy both under cultivated and natural conditions. These vast number of abundant non-conventional resources that still remain unexploited. More than 500 species of plant with oil-bearing fruits, seeds or nuts are found indigenously in Nepal and if explored more of the potential oil-bearing plant resources can be identified in marginal and uncultivated land where no efforts have made to collect and process these resources. For example; Jatropha curcas seeds;
- In addition to being a diesel substitute, the plant oil can be used for cooking, which can help save the fuelwood and kerosene. These inedible plant oil can also be used for industrial purposes such as paint, varnish, soap manufacture, lubricant, dying, etc.;
- Dumre-Bhansar of Tanahu district in Gandaki Zone and Arya Bhanjyang of Palpa district in Lumbini Zone of Western Development Region of Nepal have considerable number of Jatropha from where collection of enough seeds can be easily done. It is to be noted that the villagers are not collecting large amounts of Jatropha seeds and in coming years the collection of Jatropha seeds is likely to be far less than availability; and
- Modern oil-extracting technologies, such as Sundhara Oil Expeller (SOE), that is better suited to conditions found in the rural areas of Nepal Himalaya may be introduced. Some sites are also using a large number of diesel engines for running rice mills and oil expellers.
Today, access to sustainable energy is a key factor in sustainable poverty-oriented development activities and its programme. In future, availability of and access to energy will be influenced by:
- Energy consumption is increasing primarily in the developed countries. It is estimated that energy use will double in developing countries in the next 20 years; and
- The use of substitutes for fossil fuels is increasing, accelerated by rising oil prices.
Himalayas, also Himalaya (Sanskrit for “abode of snow”), mountain system in Asia, forming a broad continuous arc for nearly 2600 km along the northern fringes of the Indian subcontinent, from the bend of Brahmaputra River in the east to the Indus River in the northwest. The Himalayas range, averaging 320 to 400 km in width, rises sharply from the Gangetic Plain to the Tibetan Plateau in the north. The Himalayan region is the largest, highest, and most populous mountain chain in the world. More than 40 million people inhabit the Himalayas. Generally, Hindus of Indian heritage are dominant in the Sub-Himalayas and the Middle Himalayan valleys from eastern Kashmir to Nepal. To the north, Tibetan Buddhists inhabit the Great Himalayas from northeast India to Ladakh. Himalayan region is one of the world's richest ecosystems in terms of biological diversity. Extreme variations in altitude, aspect, geology and soils over the short distances have resulted to form a region with a wealth of natural ecosystems. The Himalayas are home to hundreds of endemic plant species and some of the world's rare wildlife species. These rich biological resources traditionally have served as the foundation for the economic and cultural life of the mountain people. Such biodiversity creates a stable environment, which has been sustained since long back. Conservation of bio-diversity is one of the important global responsibilities of mankind to ensure its safe future. Biodiversity has, consequently, become a growing concern of central significance to all sectors of society. As a result, in the instruments adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED 1992), Chapter 13 of Agenda 21, mountains are defined as: "important sources of biological diversity" and "storehouses of biological diversity and endangered species". The great wealth of biological diversity is due to the wide variety of environments existing in the mountains, particularly in the Himalayas.
Nepal Himalaya, is situated in the Central Himalaya between the arid Tibetan plateau of China in the north and India in the east, south and west, is a small mountainous country with an area 147,181 km2 lying in between 26°22' to 30°27'N and 80°4' to 88°12'E. The average length of the country is 885 km with a mean of 193 km north–south. About 86% of total land area is covered by hills and high mountains and remaining 14% by flat lands of the Terai (< 300 m in elevation). The altitude varies from 60 m above the sea level in the Terai to 8,848 m. the Mount Everest (Sagarmatha), which is the highest peak in the world. In the bio-geoclimatic map of the world, Nepal lies within both the Palaearctic and the Indo-Himalayan Realms at the crossroads of south-east Asian, north-east Asian (Chinese) and Mediterranean tracts. Nepal’s northern parts, consisting of mixed high mountains and highland ecosystems with complex zonations, lie within the Palaearctic Realm, the tropical, deciduous and monsoon forests and croplands of the southern Terai plains fall within the Indo-Himalayan Realm. The Palaearctic component is more interesting by dint of its complex zonations showing a high level of biological diversity. Prater (1928) divided the Country of Nepal into three zoo-geographical zones-Indian, Himalayan and Palaearctic. The Palaearctic zone, of Nepal is further subdivided three sub-zones, namely the Mediterranean, West Chinese and Indo-Chinese sub-regions. Around 80% of the annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon between June and September, the remainder falling in the winter months between October and April.
About 30 plant species have been utilized commercially for oil extraction in the world and half of these species provide more than 75% of the total world’s vegetable oil supply (Singh & Singh 1991 and Jayaswal 1995). The Asia and Pacific regions consists of 30 countries. This region accounts for 56.1% of the world’s population, 72.7% of the world’s farming households and 31.4% of the world’s agricultural land. Oilseed accounts for 13% of the total cropped area and are considered second most important commodity after cereals (RAPA, FAO, 1993 and Jayaswal 1995) [2-4].
- To examine the prospects and constraints of oil-bearing plant resources including physic nut (Jatropha curcas) in Nepalese farming systems.
- To find out the percentage of farmers growing Jatropha and purpose of growing.
- To find if there are conflicts between normal agricultural activities and Jatropha cultivation.
- To estimate the income from Jatropha seed.
- To explore the possibilities of plant oil energy as an alternative to fossil fuel (Diesel) in Nepal Himalaya.
- To assess the Sundhara Plant Oil Expeller in Nepal Himalaya [9].
- To make recommendations for further research and development work in plant oil energy also called as “Green Energy” in Nepal Himalaya [10].
Nepal Himalaya is a homeland of the “Jatropha curcas” plant. It is called by different names like: Kadam in the eastern hills of Nepal, Baghandi in the eastern Terai, Saruwa in the Dolakha area, Nimko Tel in the Dolalghat area of Kavre district, Baklendi in Bara, Parsa district, Bati Bal in the Makawanpur district. This plant is adapted to a wide range of climates and soils. It can grow almost on any type of soil whether gravely, sandy, or saline and thrives even on the poorest stony soils and rock crevices. Its water requirement is extremely low and withstands long periods of drought by shedding most of its leaves to reduce transpiration losses. It is a very suitable species for soil conservation areas and stabilization of shifting sand dunes. Potentiality of commercial cultivation of “Jatropha” lies in the uncultivated marginal land in the Terai, Inner Terai and warm climate region of up to 1100 m altitude. Although commercial cultivation has yet to be started within Nepal, it is referred from the Himanchal Pradesh of India that 2500 to 5000 plants population is planted in one ha of land, the fruiting takes place within two years of plantation. The seed yield is commercially harvested in the second year, and yield is up to one ton per ha. The yield increases significantly in the following years, and in the 6th year and onward the seed yield reaches 12 mt/ha. The maximum seed oil extraction is up to 35% by seed weight when extracted by solvent extraction (with hexane). Mechanical extraction is simpler and more appropriate for rural areas. The specific characters of Jatropha curcas are as follows:
- Jatropha curcas is a bush that has multiple uses. When planted in gardens it protects useful plants from animals. Jatropha plants are used as live fence by the farmers which implies that they are on or around the cultivated land therefore, easy to obtain. Such a non-conventional use can encourage farmers to establish Jatropha fences resulting in better protection of cultivated crops. It does not involve serious conflict with forest species.
- Oil expulsion technology is very simple. The seeds do not require any pre-milling preparation and pressing by rural oil press alone gives 24% oil yield. Machine pressing can yield more than 24% oil.
- The plant can be easily propagated by cuttings and this plant thrives well on barren land where other plants cannot do well.
- It helps control soil erosion, which helps protect the environment.
- After the oil expulsion the cake can be used as fertilizer, which helps the farmers obtain better crop yields. It can also be fed to animals after heating for 5 minutes. The leaves can also be used as green manure during preparation of paddy bed and paddy cultivation as bio-pesticide.
- In addition to being a diesel substitute the oil can also be used for cooking which can help save the fuel wood and kerosene.
- The time of picking the seeds does not seriously conflict with the period of peak labour demand. Maturation of the seeds is spread over a long period allowing for part time work.
- Planting can be encouraged on public land by communities of the poor thus helping poverty alleviation.
- The emission after use contains less unburnt fuel than diesel hence, it is environmentally more acceptable.
- The oil can be used in soap manufacturing and for this matter the plant is sometimes called as black soap. The oil cake can also be used for making plastic and synthetic fibre. Therefore, work on Jatropha can serve a base for a few other industries.
- The traditional fishermen use the foliage extract to poison fish in rivers and ponds. However, the after effects are not adequately known. If there are no adverse after effects on the quality of water and of the fish on the consumer’s health the foliage extract stands good chances of being used as insecticide on edible crops.
Collection and transportation of Jatropha seed cost about NRs. 7.00 per kg (Note: US $ 1 = NRs. 64.00). However, moisture content of the collected material was high and further drying and separation from foreign material was to be done. This reduced the weight from 1 kg to about 800 gm. About 20% weight loss occurred due to dryness and screening. Given an oil recovery percentage of 24.2%, 4.13 kg of Jatropha would be needed for obtaining seed collection from the farmers which would cost NRs. 39.65. In other words, a litre of Jatropha oil costs NRs. 39.65 plus pressing and distribution cost would also involve profit for distributors. However, the retail price of Kerosene is NRs. 48.00 per litre and that of diesel in NRs. 60.00 per litre at all motorable road-head points of the country. Even if the cost of Jatropha seed were reduced to 1/3 of its present level through competition among the farmers, cost of a litre of Jatropha oil would work out NRs. 13.22 per litre plus oil expulsion, transportation and distribution cost. Therefore, this would be useful to focus, at least initially, on high value uses of Jatropha oil such as medicinal use and use in the soap industry. Eventually, when the market gets established and becomes adequately competitive, using Jatropha oil as a substitute for diesel can become economic. However, to create a market for substituting imported fossil fuel, such works could be encouraged and promoted by the government by providing some kind of subsidy because Jatropha seed is being currently wasted in the country and market development for Jatropha is likely to help the poor in the rural areas. In addition, it helps, environmental protection and soil fertility [11].
Nepal has been found with vast field of fixed and essential plant oil energy both under cultivated and natural conditions. Here, only the fixed plant oil energy is dealt with for discussion [12].
Nepal produces more than 10,000 mt of edible plant oil seeds from the conventional oilseed crops. This is not enough for domestic need, and this country imports at least NRs. 1.5 billion worth edible plant oil annually from abroad for home consumption. 8% of its total industry belongs to vegetable ghee industry. However, there is enough room to improve the domestic production by using fallow cultivated agricultural land in the winter season in the Terai belt. At least, 150,000 ha of cultivated agricultural land is under fallow during the oilseed crops cultivation in the Terai region. The other possible sources of edible oil from the cultivated but non-conventional sources are rice bran, cotton seed, soybean, etc.
Nepal is a vast field of plant oil energy from the non-cultivated plant resources in nature that goes waste every time. This kind of plant oil energy is of two types: edible and non-edible. The edible plant oil can be used directly for the culinary purpose, and the non-edible type can be used for several purposes including for bio-diesel purpose. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the possible use of plant oil energy as bio-diesel alternative to the imported fossil fuel of diesel. Nepal has more than 500 plant species having fixed plant oil in their seeds and nuts. Moreover, most of them are abundantly available in nature. This is the very plant oil energy source this paper visualizes to utilize the fixed plant oil energy as the possible sources of bio-diesel as an alternative to fossil fuel-diesel. A list of 43 species of plants containing over 30% fatty acids in the seeds has been presented in Annex-1. Broadly, these plants can be categorized as conventional and non-conventional sources of plant oil in Nepal Himalaya [13,14].
Bio-diesel is an environmentally sound fuel source which can be used on its own or mixed with regular diesel without any mechanical change in the diesel engine systems. The mixture that is made from 85% plant oil, 15% methanol and 1% from the lye (sodium hydroxide) requires only the same basic chemical processing as soap production. This lack of requirement of expensive high technology combined with Nepal’s vast untapped resource of waste plant oil energy make this country as ideal location for Bio-fuel production. Bio-diesel is a rapidly growing industry with now over 300 fuel pumps providing this fuel in Germany and with most of the western world starting up their own bio-diesel facilities. Bio-diesel is biodegradable, cost effective and locally regenerative and renewable, non-toxic, contains no sulphur, and is the least dangerous of any liquid fuel to handle. Test on European and American engines have shown a reduction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions of 30% and 60% respectively. Smoke levels are also reduced up to 60% when 10% bio-diesel is added to regular diesel fuel. The smell of the smoke is also much more pleasant than ordinary diesel. Considering the massive change the world is experiencing in weather patterns, which is now generally accepted by the climate experts due to green house pollutants, the most important aspects of this renewable resource may be that it has a positive CO2 balance. All of the CO2 dispersed into the air during the combustion was first absorbed by the plants to produce the seeds rather than just neutral CO2 balance is that plants not only convert CO2 into seeds and above ground foliage, but also deposited the carbon into the soil through the carbon contained in roots. In the case of hemp plant, which is particularly good for oil fuel production, 30% of its carbon mass is often contained in its structure [2].
Physic nut (Jatropha curcas) as one of the diesel tree and Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) as one of the Mobil tree are abundantly found in Nepal as cost effective, locally regenerating and fossil fuel substituting plant oil energy is environmentally friendly enough not only from the carbon monoxide and visible smoke point of view, but also from the further plantation point of view due to economic harvest of such oil-bearing seeds and nuts by the resource poor farmers and the poorest of the poor at the farm and village levels creating employment and income generation. Such fixed plant oil from the seeds and nuts of natural plant resources of non-timber forest products will be able to solve the country’s problems of multidimensional nature as follows:
- Employment and income generating aspects will be automatically created at the farm and village levels to alleviate poverty at the grassroots level.
- Deforestation will be minimized due to development of cost effective and locally regenerative alternative energy of plant oil at the farm and village levels substitute fuel wood. On the other hand, plantation of such oil-bearing trees and plants by rural people themselves will improve the forestation. As a result, environment will be improved.
- Depletion of soil fertility due to burning of agricultural residues and animal wastes such as cow dung of manuring nature, as a source of fuel wood will be recovered when the plant oil energy will be developed at the farm and village levels.
- National security on diesel energy will appear when bio-diesel will be developed from the plant oil energy development. It is not very far from reality that it only needs the moral support from the government as it is supporting for diesel import from outside.
- Edible plant oil can be regained if the government will provide the moral support for massive commercial production of oilseed crops and processing of seeds and nuts of edible plant oil-bearing nature like butter oil seeds (Butter tree seeds, Prinsepia seeds, etc.)
Every household derived more than 50% income from agriculture. Average land holding per household is 15.88 ropani (0.9 ha). Jatropha is planted as live fence by 97% of the respondents and the 155 sampled farmers together have an estimated number of 587 thousands plants. None of the farmers having Jatropha collected seed until last year for lack of both day-to-day household use as well as market. They do not know where to sell and no buyer approaches them. However, 25% know that Jatropha oil is used for lighting, 20% as a raw material for soap manufacturing and 5% medicinal use. The remaining 50% do not know about its use. 91% respondents reported that Jatropha seed collection has conflict with normal farm activities particularly harvesting of paddy and planting of winter crops where as 9% did not see any conflict. This may be due to climate differences in different places. If Jatropha activities go ahead 83% farmers feel that will bring changes in farming systems. About 91% said that they would grow Jatropha if market were available. All the respondents use firewood for cooking purposes and kerosene for lighting.
Jatropha seed collection was taken to Development Consultancy Services (DCS) in Butwal and pressed by FAKT machine manufactured in Germany. The oil recovery percent was found to be 24.2%. Samples of Jatropha seed and oil cake were sent to Government of Nepal, Food Research Laboratory, Babar Mahal in Kathmandu for chemical analysis. The seed was reported to contain 49.7% fat and the oilcake was reported to contain 10.7% fat both on weight basis. Oilcake was also analyzed for assessing major plant food nutrient. It was found to contain 4.3% nitrogen, 0.42% phosphorous and 0.53% potassium.
Field visits in Central and Western Nepal showed that Dumre Bazar of Tanahu and Arya Bhanjyang of Palpa district have considerable number of Jatropha from where collection of enough seeds can be easily done. These sites are also using a large number of diesel engines for running rice mills and oil expellers. It is to be noted that the villagers are not collecting large amounts of Jatropha seeds and in coming years the collection of Jatropha seeds is likely to be far less than availability.
Background
Development Consultancy Services (DCS) is a joint venture of the United Mission to Nepal and Government of Nepal whose mission is to serve the people of Nepal by developing and promoting technology, which is appropriate in Nepal. In line with the mission, DCS conducts research and development of appropriate technology products promotes and transfers them to Nepali ownership.
- Specially designed for mid and high hills.
- All steel parts.
- Little noise.
- Minimal wear and tear.
- Ease in operation and maintenance.
- Can expel range of oilseeds.
- Requires small areas to install.
- Thin oilcake is obtained.
- Body made of sheet metal.
- Chain drive instead of heavy gears with perfect protection from dirt and dust.
- Very low weight compared to locally available expellers.
Overall weight : 265 kg
Chamber size : L = 416 mm and f = 100 mm
Cage bar size : 19 C 6 C 200 mm
Screw/worms : Special design of 40, 30 and 20 mm pitches
Average throughput : 30 kg rapeseed per hour
Average power requirement : 3 kW
Screw RPM : 36
Residual oil : 8-11%
Passed required : 2-3
Overall dimension : 80 C 110 C 120 cm3
On the following conditions,
Per day working hours : 8
Per month working days : 24
Throughput, kg/hour : 30
Manpower requirement : 1
Operated by electric motor
Current expelling charge for seed, NRs./kg : 1.6
Calculated expelling cost, NRs./kg : 0.94
Profit, NRs./Kg : 0.66
The availability of the technology is one of the important aspects for overall development of the country. Oilseed production data of the country shows that the requirement of the country is expeller having a capacity of 30 kg of oilseed per hour, which can be run economically in our rural areas throughout year. DCS has started production of SOE on order basis. DCS has already installed 4 SOE’s in Nepal and One in Bhutan and in near future, 6 additional mills are installing in Nepal and exporting 4 to Mali, Africa, and one to the Philippines. DCS not only provides the machines, but provides technology for expelling different oilseeds as well. It gives operational, repair and maintenance training to the entrepreneurs. It helps the entrepreneur to promote their business showing economic importance of other oilseed rather than rape/mustard seed. DCS is committed for after sale service. It gives guarantee for the machines and also reaches to the entrepreneur’s home whenever requested besides their regular spare parts of the Sundhara Oil Expeller.
- To begin the work on Jatropha, collection of the seeds has to be done during the months of October-November when the fruits mature. Delay in seed collection would result in a delay by a year in demonstration.
- Data on the share of income of the farmers from various sources in such a way that allows assessing the contribution of Jatropha is to be collected before or right after beginning the project.
- Base line data on the source and extent of fuel wood use, fertilizer use and in-situ use of leaves as green manure would be helpful in the future evaluation of the project.
- Data on the share of labour days use, at present, in different farm activities would be helpful to assess the impact of Jatropha oil project on employment.
- Available quantity of seed of other promising oil plants in different locations can help in future.
- Sundhara Oil Expeller is suitable for the country like Nepal.
- Commercial production of the seeds and nuts is possible.
- Reliable processing tool is available within the country.
- Light and efficient diesel engine can be imported easily.
Pilot project on demonstration of commercial production of plant oil energy
The Government should help financially the active NGOs and financial institutions working in the field of alternative energy developments at the farm and village levels in demonstrating a pilot project on commercial production of plant oil energy which will be commercially and economically viable, and which will be substitute/alternative to the firewood, agricultural residues and animal wastes of manuring nature and imported underground fossil fuel like petrol, diesel, and kerosene oil.
Private companies and individual entrepreneurs willing to promote commercially plant oil energy in the country should be encouraged through government subsidy in different components of commercial production of plant oil energy like commercial cultivation of plant oil energy yielding trees and plants, manufacture of “SUNDHARA OIL EXPELLER” at commercial scale purchase of this expeller and related aspects.
The Government should help the related organizations, NGOs, and communication mass medias in creating program on plant oil energy development as cost effective, locally regenerative, environmentally friendly and sustainable alternate energy substitute/supplement to firewood, agricultural residues and animal wastes of manuring nature and imported fossil fuel. Tele serial film production on plan t oil energy development in the country and its show through television network, and other communication media should be developed with the help of the government.
The Government and international NGOs should encourage local NGOs, private organizations and individuals to conduct further effective research on plant oil energy development and its use in Nepal.
Agro forestry is a sustainable management system for land that increases total production combines agricultural crops, tree crops and forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially, applies management practices that are compatible with the cultural patterns of the local population. It is estimated that 10,000 square kilometre of area in Dolpa and Mustang Districts were devoid of sufficient vegetation indicating the “Desertification” process which is now extending in other areas (NPC, 1982). Such a process of desertification will eventually lead this Himalayan country to unexpected Himalayan desert-a new negative phenomenon created by human activities. The most important way to improve the degraded situation of energy supply and deforestation in rural areas of Nepal Himalaya is by developing agro forestry systems and technologies on the farmlands of individual farm households, especially in the mid and high hill farming systems with “green energy” plants of Nepal Himalaya. In the Terai region, development of agricultural residues of non-farming nature would be useful. Agro forestry provides not only sources of timber, fuel wood and fodder but also important sources of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for employment and income generation to alleviate poverty, promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable green energy development through least intervention in the natural reserve of forest, and environmental improvement in Nepal [15].
- Bhandari RB. “Himalayan Biodiversity Conservation, In: Looking Forward: Building On International Year of Mountains 2002”. ICIMOD Newsletter for Sustainable Development in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas 43 (2003): 27.
- Bhandari RB. “Agroforestry: A Viable Option for Sustainable Development in Nepal”. The RENDEZVOUS (1998): 31-35.
- Bhandari RB. 2003. “International Conference on Himalayan Biodiversity”. In: Mountain Research and Development 23.4 (2003): 77-78.
- Jayaswal ML. “Prospectives of Plant Oil in Nepal”. In: Green Energy Scientific Magazine 1.1 (1995): 43-47.
- Bhandari RB. “Indigenous Knowledge on Medicinal Plant Resources in Local Communities of Chitwan and Kaski Districts of Nepal”. PROCEEDINGS of the International Conference on Women, Science and Technology for Poverty Alleviation (2003): 154-161.
- GM Singh, Adhikary and RB Bhandari. “Inedible Plant Oil Energy in Nepal (A Case Study of Jatropha curcas”. In:Green Energy, Scientific Magazine (1995): 41-42.
- Adhikary GMS., et al. “Substituting Import of Mineral Fuel and Plant Oil in Nepal, Asia Network for Small Scale Agricultural Biotechnologies (ANSAB).
- Rijal Kamal. “Developing Energy Options for the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Rethinking the Mountain Energy Development Paradigm”. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. Mountain Enterprises and Infrastructure Discussion Paper Series No. MEI 96/1.
- Neupane Mahendra. “Sundhara Oil Expeller, Its Performance and Possible Commercial Manufacturing in Nepal”. In: Green Energy Scientific Magazine 3 (1997): 12-13.
- Bhandari RB. “Green Energy to Save Our Earth”: In Adiga, P. B. and et al. (Ed.) Environment, A Journal of the Environment (Special Issue on the Occasion of the World Environment Day, 1996)”. His Majesty’s Government of Nepal, Ministry of Population and Environment, 1.1. (1992): 66-72.
- Shrestha B and Bhandari RB. “Energy Resources in Nepal: In Shrestha, G.L. (Ed.) Green Energy Scientific Magazine, Green Energy Mission Nepal. (1995): 49-54.
- Shrestha GL., et al. “Plant Oil Energy in Nepal: In Proceedings of the National Seminar on Plant Oil Energy in Nepal”. Green Energy Scientific Magazine 2.1 (1996): 6-10.
- Shrestha GL., et al. Plant Oil Energy: A Possible Alternative to Fossil Fuel in Nepal: In Proceedings of the National Seminar on Plant Oil Energy in Nepal”. Green Energy Scientific Magazine 2.1 (1996): 72-76.
- Shrestha GL., et al. “Oil-bearing Plant Resources of Nepal: An Introduction”, Published by Green Energy Mission, Ghattekulo, Anam Nagar, Kathmandu, Nepal. (1995): 102+12.
- Sommer Rosmarie., et al. “InfoResources Focus No.2/6. Inforest/Intercooperation, Infoservice CDE and AinfoAgrar. (2006): 3-4.
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Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique.
PMID: 31681910 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824726
EC Neurology
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Cross-Talk in Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases.
PMID: 31528859 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6746603
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Can Chronic Consumption of Caffeine by Increasing D2/D3 Receptors Offer Benefit to Carriers of the DRD2 A1 Allele in Cocaine Abuse?
PMID: 31276119 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6604646
EC Anaesthesia
Real Time Locating Systems and sustainability of Perioperative Efficiency of Anesthesiologists.
PMID: 31406965 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6690616
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Pilot STEM Curriculum Designed to Teach High School Students Concepts in Biochemical Engineering and Pharmacology.
PMID: 31517314 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6741290
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Toxic Mechanisms Underlying Motor Activity Changes Induced by a Mixture of Lead, Arsenic and Manganese.
PMID: 31633124 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6800226
EC Neurology
Research Volunteers' Attitudes Toward Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.
PMID: 29662969 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5898812
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
PMID: 30215058 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133268
News and Events
June Issue Release
We always feel pleasure to share our updates with you all. Here, notifying you that we have successfully released the June issue of respective journals and the latest articles can be viewed on the current issue pages.
Submission Deadline for Upcoming Issue
ECronicon delightfully welcomes all the authors around the globe for effective collaboration with an article submission for the upcoming issue of respective journals. Submissions are accepted on/before July 05, 2022.
Certificate of Publication
ECronicon honors with a "Publication Certificate" to the corresponding author by including the names of co-authors as a token of appreciation for publishing the work with our respective journals.
Best Article of the Issue
Editors of respective journals will always be very much interested in electing one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of the selected article will be honored with a "Best Article of the Issue" certificate.
Certifying for Review
ECronicon certifies the Editors for their first review done towards the assigned article of the respective journals.
Latest Articles
The latest articles will be updated immediately on the articles in press page of the respective journals.