
Hydro alcoholic (50%) extract of air dried root and stem of Berberis lycium were used to find out antibacterial property via micro-dilution technique. Plant extract showed antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Streptococcus pneumonia. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of root and stem extract against each test organism is shown in Table 1. Root extract also found active against fungal strains of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus spinulosus. Whereas stem extract inhibited Aspergillus spinulosus only, the MIC of root and stem extracts against these fungal strains are shown in Table 2. The main alkaloid berberine might be dependable for antimicrobial activity [24]. The hydro-alcoholic extract demonstrated stronger and broader range against bacterial strains in contrast to fungal strains [25].
Micro-organisms | Extracts | MIC | Extracts | MIC |
Micrococcus luteum | Root Extract | 1.25 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 0.31 μg/mL |
Bacillus subtilis | Root Extract | 0.62 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 0.31 μg/mL |
Bacillus cereus | Root Extract | 2.50 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 2.50 μg/mL |
Enterobactor aerogenus | Root Extract | 2.50 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 1.25 μg/mL |
Escherichia coli | Root Extract | 0.31 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 0.62 μg/mL |
Klebsiella pneumonia | Root Extract | 1.25 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 0.31 μg/mL |
Proteus mirabilis | Root Extract | 1.25 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 0.31 μg/mL |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Root Extract | 0.62 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 0.31 μg/mL |
Staphylococcus aureus | Root Extract | 0.62 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 0.62 μg/mL |
Salmonella typhimurium | Root Extract | 2.5 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 0.62 μg/mL |
Streptococcus pneumonia | Root Extract | 0.62 μg/mL | Stem Extract | 1.25 μg/mL |
Micro-organisms | Extracts | MIC |
Aspergillus terreus | Root Extract | 0.31 μg/mL |
Aspergillus spinulosus | Root Extract | 0.62 μg/mL |
Aspergillus flavus | Root Extract | 1.25 μg/mL |
Aspergillus terreus | Stem Extract | 0.62 μg/mL |
Root Extracts | Zone of Inhibition |
Methanol | 16 mm |
Isopropanol | 13 mm |
Ethanol | 12 mm |
Aqueous | 10 mm |
Bacteria | Zone of Inhibition |
Streptococcus | None |
Staphylococcus | 10 mm |
Pseudomonas | 11 mm |
E. coli | 12 mm |
Berberis lyciumshows antidiabetic activity in rabbits therefore aids in the reduction of sugar intensity in the blood. The root bark extract of Effect of Berberis lycium was determined in an alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. Simple powder of Berberis lycium decreased the blood glucose levels of both diabetic and normal rabbits. Water, methanolic, aqueous methanolic, n-hexane and chloroform extracts of plant were made to screen their antidiabetic activity in alloxanized rabbits. Results showed that amongst the extracts, water extract (500 mg/kg) showed greatest hypoglycemic activity when administered orally, for almost 6 hours. Similar dosage of methanol, aqueous methanol and n-hexane extract decreased glucose intensity in the blood for 4 hours. There was no significant change showed by the chloroform extract [8].
Berberis lyciumalso comprises antihepatotoxicity effect. Berberis lycium was mixed with Galium aparine and Pistacia integerrima and was tested in rats that were treated with carbon tetra chloride; the results revealed that the combination of these three medicinal plants encompasses antihepatotoxicity effects. The three medicinal plants used in the present study showed high curative effect as a therapeutic agent relatively than protective agent [31].
In alloxanized rabbits the rough root powder of Berberis lycium shows lipid-lowering effect. In alloxan induced diabetic rabbits, hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia have been stated to arise [34]. Anti-hyperlipidemic effect was examined and roots of Berberis lycium Royle were collected for this reason. Results showed that oral administration of 250 and 500 mg/kg crude powder showed a major decline in the levels of low density lipids (LDLs), total cholesterol and triglyceride in male albino rabbits, while high density lipids (HDLs) were increased. Also the same doses stabilize the weight of diabetic rabbits. An enhancement in HDL and reduction in LDL levels was found when treated with root of the plant and this effect most likely prevents the patients suffering from diabetes from having heart problems. Plant root bark powder when frequently administrated showed a positive result on hyperlipidaemia linked with high blood glucose levels [8].
The root extract of Berberis lycium was used to study its wound healing ability in Swiss Wistar rats. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the roots were tested using, excision, incision and deceased wound space forms of wound repair. Both extracts enhanced the region of epithelialization and also displayed enhancement in breaking potency. Results revealed that aqueous extract was less efficient than the methanolic extract [17].
Petroleum ether and aqueous methanol extracts of Berberis lycium root was made employing Soxhlet apparatus and dried out under vacuum. The pesticidal activity of plant extracts wereexamined at two high doses (5000 and 10000 ppm) against pests. Petroleum ether extract given 25% death rate against Helicoverpa armigera Hub and 92% death rate against Aphis craccivora Koch at the dose of 5000 ppm and also exhibited 26% mortality rate against Tetranychus urticae Koch, 98% mortality rate against A. craccivora Koch, while 28% mortality rateagainst H. armigera Hub and Plutella xylostella L. each at the dose of 10,000 ppm. Petroleum ether extract inhibited A. craccivora Koch at 458.65ppm lethal concentration at 50% (LC50) after 24 hour contact time and 57.79 ppm LC50 after 48 hour contact time. The LC50 at 48 hour disclosure was almost analogous with that of Dimethoate (a compound insecticide) at 24 hour disclosure.
- Arias ME., et al. “Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Acacia aroma Gill. ex Hook eTArn”. Life Sciences75.2 (2004): 191-202.
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- Jafri SMH. “Berberidaceae”. Flora of Pakistan.
- Irshad AH., et al. “Antibacterial activity of Berberis lycium root extract”. Trakia Journal of Sciences11.1 (2013): 88-90.
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- Ahmad M., et al. “Effect of Berberis lyciumRoyle on lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits”. Ethnobotanical leaflets13 (2009): 702-708.
- Nalawade SM and Tsay HS. “In vitro propagation of some important Chinese medicinal plants and their sustainable usage”. In vitro Cellular & Developmental biology-Plant 40.2 (2004): 143-154.
- Waseem M., et al. “Ethnopharmacological Survey of Plants Used for the Treatment of Stomach, Diabetes, and Ophthalmic Diseases in Sudhan Gali, Kashmir, Pakistan”.Acta Botanica Yunnanica28.5 (2006): 535-542.
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- Dhar S., et al. “In vitro plant regeneration system for Berberis lycium using cotyledonary node explants”. Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants 13.1 (2012): 51-55.
- Ahmad M and Alamgeer Sharif T. “A potential adjunct to Insulin: Berberis lycium Royle.” Diabetologia Croatica 38.1 (2009): 13-18.
- Malik TA., et al. “In vivoanticoccidial activity of berberine [18, 5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo(g)-1,3 benzodioxolo (5,6-a) quinolizinium]-An isoquinoline alkaloid present in the root bark of Berberis lycium”. Phytomedicine21.5 (2013): 663-669.
- Shah GM and Khan MA. “Common medicinal folk recipes of Siran valley, Mansehra-Pakistan”.Ethnobotanical leaflets10(2006): 49-62.
- Asif A., et al. “Wound healing activity of root extracts of Berberis lycium Royle in rats”. Phytotherapy Research21.6 (2007): 589-591.
- Khan M., et al. “Berberine and a Berberis lycium extract inactivate Cdc25A and induce a-tubulin acetylation that correlate with HL-60 cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis”. Mutation Research683.1-2 (2010): 123-130.
- Gulfraz M., et al. “Comparison of the antidiabetic activity ofBerberis lyceumroot extract and berberine in alloxan-induced diabetic rats”.Phytotherapy Research22.9 (2008): 1208–1212.
- Leng SH., et al. “Therapeutic effect of berberine in impaired glucose tolerance rats and its influence on insulin secretion”. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica25.4(2004): 496–502.
- Yesilada E and Küpeli E. “Berberis crataegina DC. root exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and febrifuge effects in mice and rats”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology79.2 (2002): 237–248.
- Yamamoto K., et al. “Pharmacological studies on antidiarrheal effects of a preparation containing berberine and geranii herba”.Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi101.3 (1993): 169–175.
- Iizuka N., et al. “Inhibitory effect of coptidis rhizome and berberine on proliferation of human esophagus cancer cell line”. Cancer letters 148.1 (2000): 19–25.
- Singh M., et al. “Antimicrobial activities of Indian Berberis species”. Fitoterapia 78.7-8 (2007): 574-576.
- Singh M., et al. “Antimicrobial studies of stem of different Berberis species”.Natural Product Sciences15.2 (2009): 60-65.
- Peach K and Tracy MV. “Modern methods of plant analysis”. Springer Verlag, Berlin 2 (1955): 645.
- Stermitz F., et al. “5-methoxy hydnocarpic acid and phenophorbide: Berberis species components that potentiate berberine growth inhibition of resistant Staphylococcus aureus”. Journal of Natural Products63.8 (2000): 1146-1149.
- Nidaullah H., et al. “Aqueous extract from different medicinal plants as anticoccidial, growth promotive and immunostimulant in broilers”. Journal of agricultural and biological science 5.1 (2010): 53-59.
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- Gulfraz M., et al. “Antihyperglycemic effects of Berberis lyceumRoyle in alloxan induced diabetic rats”. Diabetologia croatica 36.3 (2007): 49-54.
- Khan MA., et al. “Hepatoprotective effects of Berberis lycium, Galium aparineand Pistacia ingtegerrimain carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated rats”. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute 22.2 (2008): 91-94.
- Ahmad M., et al. “Hepatoprotective effect of Berberis lycium (Royle) in hepatotoxic rabbits”. Gomal University journal of research24 (2008): 24.
- Girish C., et al. “Hepatoprotective activity of six polyherbal formulations in paracetamol induced liver toxicity in mice”. Indian Journal of Medical Research129.5 (2009): 569-578.
- Wojtowich Z., et al. “Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL) level in rabbit during the course of experimental diabetes”. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska 59. 2 (2004): 258-260.
- Chand N., et al. “Role of Berberis lyciumin reducing serum cholesterol in broilers”. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences20.4 (2007): 563-568.
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